Developmental Trajectories of Physical and Indirect Aggression From Late Childhood to Adolescence: Sex Differences and Outcomes in Emerging Adulthood

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 1037-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Cleverley ◽  
Peter Szatmari ◽  
Tracy Vaillancourt ◽  
Michael Boyle ◽  
Ellen Lipman
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Indirect Aggression ◽  
Late Childhood

scholarly journals The development of aggressive behaviour during childhood: What have we learned in the past century?

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Indirect Aggression ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Implicit Assumption ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Agressive Behaviour

Research on human aggression has been a flourishing industry in the 20th century. As the attention shifted from an instinctual paradigm to a drive paradigm and a social learning paradigm, what have we learned on the development of aggressive behaviour during childhood? Are children born with an aggressive instinct or do they have to learn to aggress?This question has deep philosophical roots, but it also has important practical implications. Should interventions prevent children from learning to aggress or should they help children learn to inhibit aggressive reactions? Since most of the 20th century work on the development of aggression was concentrated on adolescents and elementary school age children, there appeared to be an implicit assumption that aggression is learned during these developmental periods. It is argued that to understand the origins of aggressive behaviour and prevent chronic cases of physical aggression we will need to focus on the development of aggressive behaviour during the first few years after birth, and differentiate among forms of aggressive behaviour. The form of agressive behaviour that is generally considered more “serious” or “socially unacceptable” (physical aggression) is clearly ontogenetically antecedent to less “serious” forms of aggressive behaviour, such as verbal aggression or indirect aggression. Furthermore, as a rule the frequency of physical aggression appears to decrease with age. However, infants’ physical aggression has generally not been considered developmentally significant. This is probably because of “the weakness of their limbs” and the apparent lack of “intentionality”. To have a relatively complete description of the life-span developmental trajectories of human aggressive behaviour by the end of the 21st century, we will need to start recruiting pregnant women very soon.

Fluid Intelligence Moderates the Link Between Psychopathy and Aggression Differently for Men and Women

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052094371
Author(s):  
Nicholas D. Thomson ◽  
Salpi Kevorkian ◽  
Kiril Bozgunov ◽  
Elena Psederska ◽  
Michel Aboutanos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Indirect Aggression ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Psychopathy Checklist ◽  
Aggression Questionnaire ◽  
Raven's Progressive Matrices ◽  
Lower Intelligence ◽  
Meaningful Role

Research on sex differences in the association of psychopathy with fluid intelligence is limited, and it remains unknown if fluid intelligence plays a meaningful role in explaining the psychopathy–aggression link for men and women. The present study aimed to test for sex differences in the relation between the four-facet model of psychopathy and intelligence, and to assess whether fluid intelligence moderates the link between psychopathy and aggression. In a community sample of men ( n = 356) and women ( n = 196), we assessed psychopathy using the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV), fluid intelligence using the Raven’s Progressive Matrices, and types of aggression using the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ). Hierarchical regressions showed that the psychopathy lifestyle facet was negatively associated with intelligence and there were no sex differences. Our analyses for types of aggression revealed sex differences and similarities. For both men and women, total AQ scores were predicted by higher antisocial facet scores. Lower intelligence moderated the link between higher antisocial facet scores and aggression in men, but not for women. Physical aggression in women was associated with higher interpersonal, affective, and antisocial facet scores, whereas for men, it was only associated with higher antisocial facet scores. Verbal and indirect aggression were associated with higher intelligence in both men and women. For men only, higher antisocial facet scores were associated with verbal and indirect aggression. Higher intelligence moderated the link between the lifestyle facet and indirect aggression for women, whereas for men, it moderated the link between the affective facet and indirect aggression. This study further highlights sex differences in mechanisms of psychopathy-related aggression, which need to be considered in the development of violence interventions and risk assessment.

Developmental changes in genetic and environmental influences on Chinese child and adolescent anxiety and depression

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1829-1838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zheng ◽  
F. Rijsdijk ◽  
J.-B. Pingault ◽  
R. J. McMahon ◽  
J. B. Unger
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Late Childhood ◽  
Adolescent Anxiety

BackgroundTwin and family studies using Western samples have established that child and adolescent anxiety and depression are under substantial genetic, modest shared environmental, and substantial non-shared environmental influences. Generalizability of these findings to non-Western societies remains largely unknown, particularly regarding the changes of genetic and environmental influences with age. The current study examined changes in genetic and environmental influences on self-reported anxiety and depression from late childhood to mid-adolescence among a Chinese twin sample. Sex differences were also examined.MethodSelf-reported anxiety and depression were collected from 712 10- to 12-year-old Chinese twins (mean = 10.88 years, 49% males) and again 3 years later. Quantitative genetic modeling was used to examine developmental changes in genetic and environmental influences on anxiety and depression, and sex differences.ResultsHeritability of anxiety and depression in late childhood (23 and 20%) decreased to negligible in mid-adolescence, while shared environmental influences increased (20 and 27% to 57 and 60%). Shared environmental factors explained most of the continuity of anxiety and depression (75 and 77%). Non-shared environmental factors were largely time-specific. No sex differences were observed.ConclusionsShared environmental influences might be more pronounced during the transition period of adolescence in non-Western societies such as China. Future research should examine similarities and differences in the genetic and environmental etiologies of child and adolescent internalizing and other psychopathology in development between Western and non-Western societies.

The Development of Relational Aggression

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Relational Aggression ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Peer Groups ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Indirect Aggression ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Socializing Agents ◽  
Type Of Behavior

The Development of Relational Aggression provides a rich and detailed literature review on developmental processes associated with the perpetration of relational aggression (and related terms of indirect aggression and social aggression) across childhood, adolescence, and emerging adulthood (with a brief mention of relational aggression in adulthood). Relational aggression is defined as behavior that is intended to harm another’s relationships or feelings of inclusion in a group. Unlike physical aggression, the scars of relational aggression are more difficult to see. However, victims (and aggressors) may experience strong and long-lasting consequences, including reduced self-esteem, loneliness, substance use, eating pathology, depression, and anxiety. This volume begins by providing an overview of the field, including a discussion of definitions, developmental trajectories, methodology, and theoretical approaches. Additionally, the volume examines the biobehavioral and evolutionary processes associated with this type of behavior. The book also examines a number of risk factors and socializing agents and contexts (e.g., family, peers, media, school, culture) that lead to the development of relational aggression over time. An understanding of how these behaviors develop will help inform intervention strategies to curb the use of relational aggression in schools, peer groups, and family relationships, which are addressed in an extended chapter.

scholarly journals Physical Abuse Explains Sex Differences in the Link Between Psychopathy and Aggression

2019 ◽  
pp. 088626051986595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas D. Thomson ◽  
Kiril Bozgunov ◽  
Elena Psederska ◽  
Michel Aboutanos ◽  
Georgi Vasilev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Addiction Severity Index ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Indirect Aggression ◽  
Women Studies ◽  
Men And Women

Psychopathy has long been associated with aggression. However, few studies have looked at differences between men and women. Studies that do exist demonstrate that psychopathy differentially relates to aggression in men and women and indicate that environmental factors may play a significant role in influencing these associations. A key environmental factor is a history of lifetime physical abuse (LPA), which has been linked to aggressive behavior in both men and women. The aim of the present study was to test if psychopathy differentially predicted physical, verbal, and indirect aggression in men and women, and if these associations were moderated by LPA. In a large community sample of men ( n = 369) and women ( n = 204), we assessed the 4-facet model of psychopathy (Interpersonal, Affective, Lifestyle, Antisocial) with the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version, LPA with the Addiction Severity Index, and self-report aggression with the Aggression Questionnaire. Results revealed sex differences and similarities. Physical aggression was associated with the affective facet of psychopathy in both men and women, though in different directions based on the moderating effects of LPA. Verbal aggression was associated with higher antisocial facet scores and LPA for men and not women. Finally, indirect aggression was associated with the antisocial facet of psychopathy for men, and the interpersonal facet for women, and these associations were not moderated by LPA. In women, low antisocial facet scores and no LPA were found to be protective for indirect aggression. These results show that LPA and psychopathy generally increase the risk of aggression, but the interaction between LPA and psychopathy differentiates the risk of aggression forms for men and women. These sex differences highlight the need for female-responsive interventions to target sex-specific risk factors for aggressive behavior.

Can Outcome Expectancies Help Explain Sex Differences in Direct and Indirect Aggression?

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANTHONY D. G. MARKS ◽  
DONALD W. HINE ◽  
GARY C. MANTON ◽  
EINAR B. THORSTEINSSON
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Outcome Expectancies ◽  
Indirect Aggression

scholarly journals Sex Differences in the Use of Indirect Aggression in Adult Canadians

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 147470490900700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail Moroschan ◽  
Peter L. Hurd ◽  
Elena Nicoladis
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Indirect Aggression

Measuring Direct and Indirect Aggression: Is There a Response Bias?

2005 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 563-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mat Gregoski ◽  
Wendi A. Malone ◽  
Deborah South Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Indirect Aggression ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Negative Behaviors ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Report Bias

Critics of self-report methods suggest that participants are likely to underreport their own negative behaviors given concerns about social desirability. The current study examined the problem of self-report bias by comparing individuals' estimates of their own and others' aggressive behavior. Undergraduate students (95 women, 50 men) completed the Richardson Conflict Response Questionnaire with regard to either their own behavior or that of another person of the same sex. As expected, participants reported significantly less aggression for themselves than for others. However, self and other ratings showed the same pattern of sex differences. These results suggest that, although individuals may underreport their own aggressive behaviors, this tendency may not affect relationships among variables.

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