Technical basis for the small-scale production of black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L. 1758), meal as fish feed in Benin

One third of food produced globally is wasted. Disposal of this waste is costly and is an example of poor resource management in the face of elevated environmental concerns and increasing food demand. Providing this waste as feedstock for black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) has the potential for bio-conversion and valorisation by production of useful feed materials and fertilisers. We raised BSFL under optimal conditions (28 °C and 70% relative humidity) on seven UK pre-consumer food waste-stream materials: fish trimmings, sugar-beet pulp, bakery waste, fruit and vegetable waste, cheese waste, fish feed waste and brewer’s grains and yeast. The nutritional quality of the resulting BSFL meals and frass fertiliser were then analysed. In all cases, the volume of waste was reduced (37–79%) and meals containing high quality protein and lipid sources (44.1 ± 4.57% and 35.4 ± 4.12%, respectively) and frass with an NPK of 4.9-2.6-1.7 were produced. This shows the potential value of BSFL as a bio-convertor for the effective management of food waste.

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Influence of three artificial light sources on oviposition and half-life of the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae): Improving small-scale indoor rearing

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0197896 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. e0197896 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Carina D. Heussler ◽

Andreas Walter ◽

Hannes Oberkofler ◽

Heribert Insam ◽

Wolfgang Arthofer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Half Life ◽

Small Scale ◽

Artificial Light ◽

Light Sources ◽

Black Soldier Fly ◽

Hermetia Illucens

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Small-scale rearing of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), in the laboratory: low-cost and year-round rearing

Applied Entomology and Zoology ◽

10.1007/s13355-015-0376-1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 161-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Satoshi Nakamura ◽

Ryoko T. Ichiki ◽

Masami Shimoda ◽

Shinsuke Morioka

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Small Scale ◽

Black Soldier Fly ◽

Hermetia Illucens

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Correction to: Small-scale rearing of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), in the laboratory: low-cost and year-round rearing

Applied Entomology and Zoology ◽

10.1007/s13355-017-0542-8 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 171-171

Author(s):

Satoshi Nakamura ◽

Ryoko T. Ichiki ◽

Masami Shimoda ◽

Shinsuke Morioka

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Small Scale ◽

Black Soldier Fly ◽

Hermetia Illucens

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Aplikasi Larva Black Soldier Fly (Hermatia illucens) Sebagai Pakan Alami Dan Pakan Buatan (Pelet) Untuk Ikan Rainbow Kurumoi (Melanotaenia parva) [Application Of Black Soldier Fly Larval (Hermetia illucens) As Feed And Artificial Feed (Pellets) For Rainbow Kurumoi Fish (Melanotaenia parva) ]

Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan ◽

10.20473/jipk.v5i2.11397 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 139

Author(s):

Muhammad Syahrizal Irfan, Abdul Manan

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Fish Feed ◽

Egg Hatching ◽

Black Soldier Fly ◽

Hermetia Illucens ◽

Feed Material ◽

Length Increase ◽

Main Protein ◽

Banana Leaf ◽

Day By Day

Abstract Fish flour is raw materials of main protein source for fish feed, however because of its existence day by day gets expensive so that the other alternative feed material needed as the alternate of fish flour that is maggot which is the larva of insects kind of fly which contains crude protein about 42%. This Study was held in Research and Aquaculture Cultivation Center of Ornamental Fish Depok, West Java in January 14th until February 14th 2013. The goal of this Study is to know the aplication of black soldier fly larval (Hermetia illucens) as the feed of rainbow kurumoi fish (Melanotaenia parva). Maggot culture was undertaken by mixing PKM and water with the comparison of 1:2 then fermented in fiber basin. Then interspersed with wire and above it there was a dry banana leaf to lay the eggs and covered by wire again, and then eggs harvesting was undertaken which was moved to the egg hatching basin which contain PKM which had been fermented. After 2 weeks maggot was ready to be harvested from the hatching basin. Maggot and maggot pellets could fulfill the need of nutrition for rainbow kurumoi fish, this case could be seen by the existence of weight increase and length increase of the fish.

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Correction: Influence of three artificial light sources on oviposition and half-life of the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae): Improving small-scale indoor rearing

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0226670 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (12) ◽

pp. e0226670 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Carina D. Heussler ◽

Andreas Walter ◽

Hannes Oberkofler ◽

Heribert Insam ◽

Wolfgang Arthofer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Half Life ◽

Small Scale ◽

Artificial Light ◽

Light Sources ◽

Black Soldier Fly ◽

Hermetia Illucens

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Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens and effects on its life cycle

Journal of Insects as Food and Feed ◽

10.3920/jiff2015.0030 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 261-270 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

S. Diener ◽

C. Zurbrügg ◽

K. Tockner

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Metal Concentration ◽

Organic Waste ◽

The Body ◽

Small Scale ◽

Black Soldier Fly ◽

Hermetia Illucens ◽

Collection Costs

In developing countries, effective waste management strategies are constrained by high collection costs and lack of adequate treatment and disposal options. The organic fraction in particular, which accounts for more than 50% of the waste production, constitutes a great, yet mostly neglected, reuse potential. Concomitantly, the demand for alternative protein sources by the livestock feed industry is sharply increasing. A technology that effectively transforms organic waste into valuable feed is therefore a timely option. Larvae of the non-pest black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), may be used to reduce the mass of organic waste significantly. Concurrently, larval feeding converts organic waste into prepupae (last larval stage) which is high in protein. In combination with a viable market, this potential animal feed may cover the waste collection costs and thus promote innovative, small-scale entrepreneurs to establish a profitable business niche. Organic waste, however, often contains persistent pollutants, such as heavy metals, that may accumulate in the larvae and prepupae of black soldier flies and consequently in the food chain. In this study, we fed black soldier fly larvae chicken feed spiked with heavy metals (cadmium, lead and zinc at three concentrations each) to examine the extent of metal accumulation in the different life stages and the effect of heavy metal concentration in the feed on the life cycle determinants of the flies. The cadmium accumulation factor in prepupae (metal concentration in the body divided by metal concentration in the food) ranged between 2.32 and 2.94; however, the lead concentration remained well below its initial concentration in the feed. The bioaccumulation factor of zinc in prepupae decreased with increasing zinc concentration in the feed (from 0.97 to 0.39). None of the three heavy metal elements had significant effects on the life cycle determinants (prepupal weight, development time, sex ratio).

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System development for production of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) in small scale, using wild flies

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v11i1.24747 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. e20311124747

Author(s):

Sandro Morais dos Santos ◽

Paolo Lages Sequenzia ◽

Elias Barbosa Rodrigues ◽

Isabela Parolis Martins ◽

Arlen Nicson Lopes Pena ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Waste ◽

Egg Laying ◽

Wire Mesh ◽

Alternative Methods ◽

Small Scale ◽

Plant Residues ◽

Black Soldier Fly ◽

Hermetia Illucens ◽

Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽

Fly Larvae

Technological innovation in rural areas guarantees the maintenance and subsistence of rural producers. Additionally, it is mandatory to use strategies aimed at reducing costs in animal production and reducing the environmental impact involved, making it challenging in the current global scenario. Thus, it is necessary to develop new alternative methods of production aimed at small scales, which can be implemented in small properties with reduced capital investment. In this sense, the objective was to describe the development of a system capable of inducing the production of black soldier fly larvae-BSFL (Hermetia illucens) through the attractiveness of egg laying of wild adults. To make the larvae production system, the following were needed: a plastic drum, with a capacity of 200 liters, 10 meters of 8mm silk rope, 1.5 m2 of wire mesh with 25mm x 20mm mesh, 1 m2 3mm x 2mm nylon mesh, plastic faucet for draining the slurry, one meter of 20mm diameter hose, two plastic containers with capacity of 20 liters for collecting the slurry and pre-pupae; besides equipment for cutting and finishing the drum. The System was supplied with organic plant material from daily household disposal, and other plant residues produced on the property. The development of this System can provide great social and economic viability, as it can be implemented in small rural properties for the treatment of organic waste. The mechanism presented good performance for the recycling of organic waste, and also for the production of BSFL, with satisfactory quantity collected daily.

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Chemical food safety of using former foodstuffs for rearing black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) for feed and food use

Journal of Insects as Food and Feed ◽

10.3920/jiff2020.0024 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. 475-488

Author(s):

H.J. van der Fels-Klerx ◽

N. Meijer ◽

M.M. Nijkamp ◽

E. Schmitt ◽

J.J.A. van Loon

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Accumulation Rate ◽

Food Products ◽

Future Research ◽

Packaging Materials ◽

Scale Production ◽

Black Soldier Fly ◽

Hermetia Illucens ◽

Chemical Contaminants ◽

Mineral Oils

Black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae is considered one of the insect species with great potential for large-scale production as feed and food. For this to become economically feasible and to contribute to a circular economy, BSF larvae should be reared on substrates with little or no alternative use for feed and food production. One such class of alternative substrate sources consists of former food products. However, BSF larvae may accumulate chemical contaminants from the substrate, which may originate from the foodstuff and/or the packaging materials. This study aimed to investigate the possible presence of chemical contaminants in BSF larvae being reared on former foodstuff substrates at both laboratory and industrial scale. Four experimental treatments were set up: with meat or vegetarian, and containing between 3-6% of either plastic or paperboard carton packaging material. Four-day old BSF larvae were reared for seven days on these substrates. Concentrations of heavy metals, mineral oil hydrocarbons, dioxins and PCBs, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined in the substrate, residual material, and the larvae. Results suggest that BSF larvae can be reared on former food products containing traces of packaging materials, without negative effects on their growth or survival. Bio-accumulation was observed for most of the tested contaminants, in particular for mineral oils and cadmium, which had a bio-accumulation rate of, respectively, about five and 20. However, none of the concentrations of the analysed contaminants in the substrate and the larvae exceeded the respective legal limits in the EU. Results of this pilot study were promising. As a next step, more different former food products should be investigated in future research.

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