scholarly journals Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens and effects on its life cycle

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Diener ◽  
C. Zurbrügg ◽  
K. Tockner
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Metal Concentration ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
The Body ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Collection Costs

In developing countries, effective waste management strategies are constrained by high collection costs and lack of adequate treatment and disposal options. The organic fraction in particular, which accounts for more than 50% of the waste production, constitutes a great, yet mostly neglected, reuse potential. Concomitantly, the demand for alternative protein sources by the livestock feed industry is sharply increasing. A technology that effectively transforms organic waste into valuable feed is therefore a timely option. Larvae of the non-pest black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), may be used to reduce the mass of organic waste significantly. Concurrently, larval feeding converts organic waste into prepupae (last larval stage) which is high in protein. In combination with a viable market, this potential animal feed may cover the waste collection costs and thus promote innovative, small-scale entrepreneurs to establish a profitable business niche. Organic waste, however, often contains persistent pollutants, such as heavy metals, that may accumulate in the larvae and prepupae of black soldier flies and consequently in the food chain. In this study, we fed black soldier fly larvae chicken feed spiked with heavy metals (cadmium, lead and zinc at three concentrations each) to examine the extent of metal accumulation in the different life stages and the effect of heavy metal concentration in the feed on the life cycle determinants of the flies. The cadmium accumulation factor in prepupae (metal concentration in the body divided by metal concentration in the food) ranged between 2.32 and 2.94; however, the lead concentration remained well below its initial concentration in the feed. The bioaccumulation factor of zinc in prepupae decreased with increasing zinc concentration in the feed (from 0.97 to 0.39). None of the three heavy metal elements had significant effects on the life cycle determinants (prepupal weight, development time, sex ratio).

scholarly journals System development for production of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) in small scale, using wild flies

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e20311124747
Author(s):  
Sandro Morais dos Santos ◽  
Paolo Lages Sequenzia ◽  
Elias Barbosa Rodrigues ◽  
Isabela Parolis Martins ◽  
Arlen Nicson Lopes Pena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Waste ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae

Technological innovation in rural areas guarantees the maintenance and subsistence  of rural producers. Additionally, it is mandatory to use strategies aimed at reducing costs in animal production and reducing the environmental impact involved, making it challenging in the current global scenario. Thus, it is necessary to develop new alternative methods of production aimed at small scales, which can be implemented in small properties with reduced capital investment. In this sense, the objective was to describe the development of a system capable of inducing the production of black soldier fly larvae-BSFL (Hermetia illucens) through the attractiveness of egg laying of wild adults. To make the larvae production system, the following were needed: a plastic drum, with a capacity of 200 liters, 10 meters of 8mm silk rope, 1.5 m2 of wire mesh with 25mm x 20mm mesh, 1 m2 3mm x 2mm nylon mesh, plastic faucet for draining the slurry, one meter of 20mm diameter hose, two plastic containers with capacity of 20 liters for collecting the slurry and pre-pupae; besides equipment for cutting and finishing the drum. The System was supplied with organic plant material from daily household disposal, and other plant residues produced on the property. The development of this System can provide great social and economic viability, as it can be implemented in small rural properties for the treatment of organic waste. The mechanism presented good performance for the recycling of organic waste, and also for the production of BSFL, with satisfactory quantity collected daily.

scholarly journals Food Safety of Consuming Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae: Microbial, Heavy Metal and Cross-Reactive Allergen Risks

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1934
Author(s):  
Leah W. Bessa ◽  
Elsje Pieterse ◽  
Jeannine Marais ◽  
Karim Dhanani ◽  
Louwrens C. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Hermetia Illucens Larvae

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) are a promising, sustainable source of nutrients, however, there is limited knowledge regarding the food safety of consuming BSFL. This study determined the safety of consuming BSFL for direct human consumption in terms of microbial, heavy metal and allergen content. Microbial counts were determined using ISO (International Organization for Standardization) methods, heavy metals were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and allergens were determined via Orbitrap mass spectrometry and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kits. Feed and killing method influenced the presence of Bacillus cereus (p = 0.011), and only the killing method influenced Escherichia coli (p < 0.00) and total viable count (TVC) (p < 0.00). Blanching resulted in a 3-log reduction in E. coli and a 3.4 log reduction in the TVC counts. Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. were not detected in the BSFL samples. Heavy metals were detected although they were below maximum legal limits. Cross-reactive allergens, tropomyosin and arginine kinase, were detected in the BSFL samples, although the clinical significance requires research. The feed fed to the BSFL and blanching were found to influence the safety of consuming BSFL, highlighting the importance of incorporating sufficient decontamination steps, such as blanching, to ensure food safety.

scholarly journals Heavy Metals in Air Emission and Assessment of Human Toxicity Footprint

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 614-622
Author(s):  
Junbeum Kim
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Metal Concentration ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentration ◽  
Human Toxicity ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
City Governments ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentrations ◽  
Metropolitan City

Objective : The purpose of this study is to propose the concept of the human toxicity (human cancer and non-cancer) footprint (µg 1,4 DCB (Dichlorobenzene) eqv./m3) using heavy metal concentration data in the air in Provincial and Metropolitan City governments. In addition, the final goal is to assess and compare the human carcinogenic toxicity footprint in Provincial and Metropolitan City Governments from 1991 to 2019.Method : To calculate the human carcinogenic toxicity footprint using heavy metal concentration in Provincial and Metropolitan City Governments, the ReCiPe 2016 life cycle impact assessment method in life cycle assessment (LCA) was used. For the human carcinogenic toxicity footprint calculation, the heavy metal concentration data in Provincial and Metropolitan City Governments are multiplied by the characterization factors of each heavy metal such as Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, and As (Cu, Mn, Fe, Al, Ca, and Mg are not included in the air monitoring data) data (µg/m3). The unit of human carcinogenic toxicity footprint is shown in µg 1,4 DCB eqv. value.Results and Discussion : The results show that the heavy metal concentrations in Provincial and Metropolitan City governments were decreased significantly from 1991 to 2019. In the case of Pb, Incheon was decreased by about 2,124% (from 0.427 µg/m3 to 0.0192 µg/m3), and Busan was decreased by about 1,250% (from 0.2471 µg/m3 to 0.0183 µg/m3). In addition, in Cd’s case, Gwangju decreased by about 1,550% (from 0.0033 µg/m3 to 0.0002 µg/m3), and Incheon was decreased by about 1,071% (from 0.0082 µg/m3 to 0.0007 µg/m3). The results of human carcinogenic toxicity footprint in 1991 (early stage), 2005 (middle-stage), and 2019 (current) show that the average of human carcinogenic toxicity footprint was 8,478 µg 1,4 DCB eqv. in 1991, 5,545 µg 1,4 DCB eqv. in 2005 (about 53% decreased from 1991), and 1,997 µg 1,4 DCB eqv. in 2019 (about 178% decreased from 2005). In 2019, the human carcinogenic toxicity footprint results showed that Gyeongbuk had the highest value of 5,184 µg 1,4 DCB eqv. followed by Busan 3,929 µg 1,4 DCB eqv., Gyeongi 3,305 µg 1,4 DCB eqv., Seoul 2,184 µg 1,4 DCB eqv., Gwangwon 2,011 µg 1,4 DCB eqv. One of the reasons for the highest human carcinogenic toxicity footprint is the concentration of Cr and As, which have very high characterization factors.Conclusions : In this study, the human carcinogenic toxicity footprint using a heavy metal concentration in Provincial and Metropolitan City governments was proposed and calculated. Even though the heavy metal concentrations were decreasing, the number of measuring stations should be increased in each Provincial and Metropolitan City Government to improve the data quality and reduce the human carcinogenic toxicity impact by heavy metals.

scholarly journals Peranan Konsorsium Isolat Bakteri Resisten Logam Berat untuk Menurunkan Kandungan Zn, Fe, dan Mg pada Cumi, Udang, dan Ikan

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-85
Author(s):  
Adolf J.N. Parhusip ◽  
Jessica Xaveria ◽  
Wahyu Irawati
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Concentration ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentration ◽  
Bacterial Consortium ◽  
The Body ◽  
Aquatic Products ◽  
Acinetobacter Pittii ◽  
Acinetobacter Sp

ABSTRACTIncreased contamination of heavy metals in aquatic products such as shrimp, squid, and fish can occur due to industrial waste. Heavy metals cannot be digested so they will accumulate in the body of animals and humans. Excess heavy metals in the body can cause death. Bioremediation using bacteria can reduce heavy metal contamination. Some microorganisms have the ability to resist heavy metals such as, Acinetobacter sp. IrC1 and Acinetobacer sp. IrC2 which were isolated from the activated sludge of the Rungkut-Surabaya industry, Indonesia. This study aims to determine the role of the consortium Acinetobacter sp. IrC1 and Acinetobacer sp. IrC2 in reducing the concentration of Zn, Fe, and Mg in squid, shrimp, and fish. Research methods include: 1) making a bacterial growth curve, 2) analysis of heavy metals in shrimp, squid, and fish, 3) testing the ability of a bacterial consortium to reduce metal concentration in squid, shrimp, and fish, 4) analysis of decreasing heavy metal concentration by using a bacterial isolate consortium. The results show that the selected comparison between consortium of Acinetobacter sp. IrC1 dan Acinetobacter sp. IrC2 was 66.66%:33.33% which can reduced heavy metals of Zn, Fe, dan Mg in shrimps, squid, and fish with the range of 91.69% to 99.82%.Other heavy metal contained in the aquatic products of shrimp, squid, and fish were Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, and Hg.Keywords: Acinetobacter sp, bacteria, fish, shrimp, squidABSTRAKPeningkatan cemaran logam berat pada hasil perairan seperti udang, cumi, dan ikan dapat terjadi karena limbah industri. Logam berat tidak dapat dicerna sehingga akan terakumulasi di dalam tubuh hewan maupun manusia. Kelebihan logam berat di dalam tubuh dapat mengakibatkan kematian. Bioremediasi dengan menggunakan bakteri dapat mengurangi cemaran logam berat. Beberapa mikrorganisme mempunyai kemampuan resistensi terhadap logam berat seperti, Acinetobacter sp. IrC1 dan Acinetobacer sp. IrC2 yang diisolasi dari lumpur aktif industri Rungkut-Surabaya, Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peranan Konsorsium Acinetobacter sp. IrC1 dan Acinetobacer sp. IrC2 dalam menurunkan kandungan Zn, Fe, dan Mg pada cumi, udang, dan ikan. Metode penelitian meliputi: 1) pembuatan kurva pertumbuhan bakteri, 2) analisis logam berat pada udang, cumi, dan ikan, 3) uji kemampuan konsorsium bakteri dalam menurunkan kandungan logam pada cumi, udang, dan ikan serta  4) analisis penurunan kandungan logam berat dengan menggunakan konsorsium isolat bakteri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbandingan konsorsium Acinetobacter sp. IrC1 dan Acinetobacter sp. IrC2 terpilih adalah 66,66%:33,33% dengan nilai presentase penurunan logam berat (Zn, Fe, dan Mg) pada hasil perairan udang, cumi, dan ikan memiliki interval 91,69% hingga 99,82%. Acinetobacter pittii memiliki nilai presentase penurunan logam berat Zn, Fe, dan Mg pada hasil perairan udang, cumi, dan ikan yang lebih rendah, yaitu memiliki interval 87,87% hingga 99,50%. Kandungan logam berat lain yang terkandung di dalam hasil perairan udang, cumi, dan ikan adalah Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, dan Hg.Kata kunci: Acinetobacter sp., bakteri, cumi, ikan, udang

scholarly journals Technical basis for the small-scale production of black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L. 1758), meal as fish feed in Benin

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 100153
Author(s):  
Armel Gougbedji ◽  
Pamphile Agbohessou ◽  
Philippe A. Lalèyè ◽  
Frédéric Francis ◽  
Rudy Caparros Megido
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Technical Basis

scholarly journals Conversion of Spent Coffee and Donuts by Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae into Potential Resources for Animal and Plant Farming

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 332
Author(s):  
Hayden Fischer ◽  
Nicholas Romano ◽  
Amit Kumar Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Organic Waste ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Hermetia Illucens Larvae ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Dough Stage ◽  
Plant Farming

Nutritionally unbalanced organic waste can be converted into potential resources for animal and plant farming by culturing black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) and prepupae (BSFP). BSFL and BSFP are rich sources of protein and lipids, while the leftover excrement called “frass” can be used as an organic fertilizer. Using readily available resources, BSFL were cultured on spent coffee, donut dough or an equal blend for 35 days. Survival, productivity, daily pupation and biochemical composition of BSFL and BSFP were measured along with the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium values of the frass. Survival was highest in the blend compared (81%) to spent coffee (45%) or dough (24%); however, BSFL and BSFP were significantly longer and heavier from dough. Stage and food significantly influenced the protein, lipid and glycogen content of the BSFL and BSFP, which tended to be higher in the latter. While fatty acids were often significantly higher in BSFL fed spent coffee, the amino acid composition of BSFL was generally higher in dough. Frass from the blend had significantly highest nitrogen content, while potassium and phosphorus were significantly higher and lower from spent coffee, respectively. Although coffee and donut dough were suboptimal substrates for BSFL, a blend of these produced BSFL and frass that were nutritionally comparable to soybean meal and many organic fertilizers, respectively.

scholarly journals Feeding strategies for small-scale rearing black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) as organic waste recycler

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Dzepe ◽  
Paulin Nana ◽  
Hervé Mube Kuietche ◽  
Janaina Mitsue Kimpara ◽  
Ornela Magatsing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Commercial Chicken ◽  
Continuous Feeding ◽  
Organic Waste Management ◽  
Feeding Diets

AbstractProcessing organic waste using black soldier fly (BSF)-based technology offers a promising alternative for sustainable organic waste management and urban sanitation. This study was conducted to assess the influence of feeding strategies on the efficacy of BSF larvae to recycle organic wastes into value products. Fruit waste and chicken manure were used as organic waste samples while commercial chicken feed was used as a control, and were processed for 15 days in circular plastic containers (Ø 30 × 12 cm) with 50; 100; 150; and 200 mg/larva/day continuous and batch feeding diets, using 500 four-day-old larvae per diet, repeated four times. Larval survival rates were not significantly affected by the feeding strategies. However, average larval biomass of 83.69 ± 13.04 g and 82.46 ± 08.52 g was achieved for the continuous and batch feeding strategies, respectively, under favorable conditions. Larval feed reduction rates ranged from 24.65 ± 03.48% to 72.78 ± 01.48% and 24.52 ± 0.27% to 72.25 ± 12.13% with continuous and batch feeding strategies, respectively, and were significantly affected by the different daily diets. On the other hand, the bioconversion rates ranged from 13.34 ± 0.26% to 50.82 ± 02.27%, and the highest values were observed with the continuous feeding diets. This study confirms the efficacy of BSF larvae to thrive in different organic substrates and shows that the continuous feeding strategy can be better and enhance a sustainable small-scale organic waste management.

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