Carbon emissions inventory of farm size pig husbandry combining Manure-DNDC model and IPCC coefficient methodology

Climate change and urbanisation are inextricably linked. With the acceleration of urbanisation in many developing countries, urban areas play a major role in energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. This is true of Nepal, which has experienced rapid urbanisation in recent decades. However, no studies were identified that evaluate the efforts of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from low carbon cities in rapidly urbanising developing countries. Although, there is literature out there on this that focuses on developed countries and the Global North, this is outside the scope of this report. Given the rapid nature of this review and its limitations it was not possible to fully answer the question of whether investments in low-carbon cities reduce carbon emissions in rapidly urbanising contexts. The first section of this report looks at the theory of low carbon cities and touches on some of the methodologies for measuring carbon emissions from cities (and the complexities and difficulties with these). The second section looks at Nepal in more detail, highlighting previous literature which has attempted to quantify emissions from cities in Nepal (namely Kathmandu Valley) and the co-benefits of low carbon investment in Nepal. However, overall, literature was largely limited on these topics, and was often older being from 5 years or more ago. Of note is an emissions inventory for Nepal for 2016 by Sadavarte et al. (2019) – although other literature notes that data on emission characteristics are still limited (IMC Worldwide, 2020). ICLEI (2009) also produced city emissions profiles for 3 Nepalese cities, but these are quite outdated. There are several studies related to low carbon development pathways for major cities in developed countries or China, however such studies from the perspective of emerging cities from the developing world are limited. Research into other developing countries with similar characteristics to Nepal was briefly explored in this rapid review but there was not time to fully explore this literature base. Most of the literature explored is from academia, although some is from non-governmental organisations particularly those looking at engaging cities in climate action (such as C40). The literature explored does not look at gender issues or issues of people with disabilities.

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Source data supported high resolution carbon emissions inventory for urban areas of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region: Spatial patterns, decomposition and policy implications

Journal of Environmental Management ◽

10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.11.038 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 206 ◽

pp. 786-799 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Bofeng Cai ◽

Wanxin Li ◽

Shobhakar Dhakal ◽

Jianghao Wang

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Spatial Patterns ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Emissions Inventory ◽

Source Data

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Life cycle carbon emissions inventory of brick masonry and light steel framing houses in Brasilia: proposal of design guidelines for low-carbon social housing

Ambiente Construído ◽

10.1590/s1678-86212017000300163 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 71-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Lucas Rosse Caldas ◽

Júlia Santiago de Matos Monteiro Lira ◽

Pedro Corrêa de Melo ◽

Rosa Maria Sposto

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Social Housing ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Design Guidelines ◽

Brick Masonry ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Emissions Inventory ◽

Steel Framing ◽

Operational Phase

Abstract This study evaluated the CO2eq emissions during the life cycle of two social housing projects in the city of Brasilia. A house of ceramic brick masonry was compared to a light steel framing one. The life cycle carbon emissions assessment (LCCO2A) with a cradle-to-grave approach was used. The relation between the thermal performance of the wall systems and CO2eq emissions in the operational phase of the houses were evaluated using the DesignBuilder software. In addition, six scenarios composed of three CO2eq emission factors from the Brazilian electrical grid and two schedules of occupation of houses (full and part time) were evaluated. The brick masonry house presented less CO2eq emissions than the light steel framing one. For both houses, the operational phase was the most significant regarding the total CO2eq emissions (50% to 70%), followed by the construction (20% to 30%), maintenance (11% to 20%) and end-of-life (lower than 1%) phases. The results also showed the importance of considering different CO2eq emission factors for the Brazilian context in the operational phase. Finally, based on the results obtained, design guidelines for low carbon social housing were proposed.

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Effect of Three Husbandry Systems on Environmental Impact of Organic Pigs

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10103796 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 3796 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Gwendolyn Rudolph ◽

Stefan Hörtenhuber ◽

Davide Bochicchio ◽

Gillian Butler ◽

Roland Brandhofer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impact ◽

Environmental Impacts ◽

Live Weight ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Farm Size ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Feed Production ◽

Pig Husbandry ◽

By Products

This study examined the environmental impact of the three common organic pig husbandry systems, indoor (n = 24), partly outdoor (n = 30), and outdoor (n = 10), in eight European countries. Global warming (GWP), acidification (AP), and eutrophication potential (EP) was assessed per 1000 kg pig live weight on 64 farrow-to-finish pig production chains (cradle to farm gate). GWP, AP, and EP varied greatly, and the most important source was feed production, followed by housing. GWP did not differ between systems (p = 0.934), but AP in indoor systems and EP in outdoor systems were higher than in partly outdoor systems (p = 0.006 and p = 0.010, respectively). The higher AP in indoor systems can mainly be explained by NH3 arising from manure spreading, while PO4-eq arising from feed consumption and emissions on pasture accounted for the higher EP in outdoor systems. Associations of farm characteristics with (reduced) environmental impacts were mainly found for AP and EP, and included: (Increasing) farm size, numbers of piglets born and weaned per litter, (bought-in) mineral feed, and high-protein by-products, the latter probably connected to beneficial effects of appropriate dietary digestible lysine levels and feed conversion ratio. Increasing carcass weights and dietary cereal proportions were associated with higher environmental impacts. Overall, variation was mostly higher within than between systems, and measures to mitigate environmental impact were identified.

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Accounting Model of CO2 and its Application in Integrated Iron and Steel Enterprises

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.814.607 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 814 ◽

pp. 607-619

Author(s):

Zhi Jia Huang ◽

Xue Hang Jiang ◽

Huan Huan Sun

Keyword(s):

Carbon Emissions ◽

Process Model ◽

Input Data ◽

Factor Level ◽

Internal Circulation ◽

Iron And Steel ◽

Emissions Inventory ◽

Activity Factor ◽

Level Data ◽

Accounting Model

Integrated iron and steel enterprises is taken as the research object. Under the guidance of GHG Protocol standards for carbon emissions, the carbon dioxide accounting models on the process as a whole boundary are established, in which, the carbon emissions inventory is divided into three levels and the input data consists of CO2 emission coefficient and activity factor level data. The process model is the accounting model that the carbon emission is obtained through the balance of carbon input and carbon output outside the process boundary under the condition of considering the enterprise circulation. This article also researched one integrated iron and steel enterprise as a case. The results show that the model can quantify the emissions of different processes, provide basic value for the enterprise reduction, Identify major carbon source, identify the influence on carbon emissions by the changes of fuel structure, the structure of the process parameters and outsourcing by-product internal circulation. Therefore the model results can be used in the carbon emissions of enterprise internal assessment and decision-making.

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