A direct time-integral THINC scheme for sharp interfaces

AbstractThe effectiveness of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for rehabilitation is proportional to the evoked torque. The progressive increase in torque (extra torque) that may develop in response to low intensity wide-pulse high-frequency (WPHF) NMES holds great promise for rehabilitation as it overcomes the main limitation of NMES, namely discomfort. WPHF NMES extra torque is thought to result from reflexively recruited motor units at the spinal level. However, whether WPHF NMES evoked force can be modulated is unknown. Therefore, we examined the effect of two interventions known to change the state of spinal circuitry in opposite ways on evoked torque and motor unit recruitment by WPHF NMES. The interventions were high-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and anodal transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS). We show that TENS performed before a bout of WPHF NMES results in lower evoked torque (median change in torque time-integral: − 56%) indicating that WPHF NMES-evoked torque might be modulated. In contrast, the anodal tsDCS protocol used had no effect on any measured parameter. Our results demonstrate that WPHF NMES extra torque can be modulated and although the TENS intervention blunted extra torque production, the finding that central contribution to WPHF NMES-evoked torques can be modulated opens new avenues for designing interventions to enhance WPHF NMES.

Download Full-text

Doppler evaluation of the posterior cerebral artery in fetuses with transposition of great arteries

Journal of Perinatal Medicine ◽

10.1515/jpm-2019-0176 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (5) ◽

pp. 504-508

Author(s):

Ya Tan ◽

Shi Zeng ◽

YuShan Liu ◽

HuaYu Tang ◽

BaiHua Zhao

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Artery ◽

Pulsatility Index ◽

Posterior Cerebral Artery ◽

Cerebral Arteries ◽

Peak Systolic Velocity ◽

Transposition Of Great Arteries ◽

Velocity Time Integral ◽

Time Integral ◽

Diastolic Velocity ◽

Doppler Evaluation

AbstractObjectiveTo observe Doppler ultrasound changes in the two segments of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) in fetuses with transposition of the great arteries (TGA).MethodsThe peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), pulsatility index (PI), and velocity-time integral (VTI) of the two segments of PCA (the first segment: PCAS1, the second segment: PCAS2) and of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) were compared in TGA fetuses and normal fetuses. The abnormality rate between the PCAS1-PI and MCA-PI was compared in TGA fetuses.ResultsThe PCAS1-PI and MCA-PI were smaller in the TGA fetuses than in the controls (all P < 0.05), but the PCAS2-PI was unchanged (P > 0.05). The MCA-VTI, PCAS1-VTI, and PCAS2-VTI were larger in the TGA fetuses (all P < 0.05). In the TGA fetuses, the abnormality rate of the PCAS1-PI was significantly higher than that of the MCA-PI (P < 0.05).ConclusionIn fetuses with TGA, there were hemodynamic differences between the two segments of the posterior cerebral arteries. Moreover, PCAS1 exhibited signs of vasodilatation more obviously than did the MCA in fetuses with TGA.

Download Full-text

Which Analysis Approach Is Adequate to Leverage Clinical Microdialysis Data? A Quantitative Comparison to Investigate Exposure and Reponse Exemplified by Levofloxacin

Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.1007/s11095-021-02994-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

David Busse ◽

André Schaeftlein ◽

Alexander Solms ◽

Luis Ilia ◽

Robin Michelet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Exposure ◽

Visual Predictive Check ◽

Model Performance ◽

Compartmental Analysis ◽

Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽

Target Site ◽

Clinical Pharmacokinetics ◽

Time Integral ◽

Dosing Regimens ◽

Therapeutic Decision Making

Abstract Purpose Systematic comparison of analysis methods of clinical microdialysis data for impact on target-site drug exposure and response. Methods 39 individuals received a 500 mg levofloxacin short-term infusion followed by 24-h dense sampling in plasma and microdialysate collection in interstitial space fluid (ISF). ISF concentrations were leveraged using non-compartmental (NCA) and compartmental analysis (CA) via (ii) relative recovery correction at midpoint of the collection interval (midpoint-NCA, midpoint-CA) and (ii) dialysate-based integrals of time (integral-CA). Exposure and adequacy of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) therapy via pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target-attainment (PTA) analysis were compared between approaches. Results Individual AUCISF estimates strongly varied for midpoint-NCA and midpoint-CA (≥52.3%CV) versus integral-CA (≤32.9%CV) owing to separation of variability in PK parameters (midpoint-CA = 46.5%–143%CVPK, integral-CA = 26.4%–72.6%CVPK) from recovery-related variability only in integral-CA (41.0%–50.3%CVrecovery). This also led to increased variability of AUCplasma for midpoint-CA (56.0%CV) versus midpoint-NCA and integral-CA (≤33.0%CV), and inaccuracy of predictive model performance of midpoint-CA in plasma (visual predictive check). PTA analysis translated into 33% of evaluated patient cases being at risk of incorrectly rejecting recommended dosing regimens at CAP-related epidemiological cut-off values. Conclusions Integral-CA proved most appropriate to characterise clinical pharmacokinetics- and microdialysis-related variability. Employing this knowledge will improve the understanding of drug target-site PK for therapeutic decision-making.

Download Full-text

Distributed Finite-Time Integral Sliding-Mode Control for Multi-Agent Systems with Multiple Disturbances Based on Nonlinear Disturbance Observers

Journal of Systems Science and Complexity ◽

10.1007/s11424-020-9152-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yize Yang ◽

Fan Liu ◽

Hongyong Yang ◽

Yuling Li ◽

Yuanshan Liu

Keyword(s):

Sliding Mode Control ◽

Finite Time ◽

Sliding Mode ◽

Multi Agent Systems ◽

Integral Sliding Mode Control ◽

Integral Sliding Mode ◽

Agent Systems ◽

Time Integral ◽

Multi Agent ◽

Nonlinear Disturbance

Download Full-text

The Photodetectors Based on Lateral Monolayer MoS2/WS2 Heterojunctions

Nanoscale Research Letters ◽

10.1186/s11671-021-03581-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Caihong Li ◽

Juntong Zhu ◽

Wen Du ◽

Yixuan Huang ◽

Hao Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Communication Systems ◽

Transition Metal Dichalcogenides ◽

Chemical Vapor ◽

Large Area ◽

Optical Signals ◽

Metal Dichalcogenides ◽

One Step ◽

The One ◽

Charge Carrier Trapping ◽

Sharp Interfaces

AbstractMonolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) show promising potential for next-generation optoelectronics due to excellent light capturing and photodetection capabilities. Photodetectors, as important components of sensing, imaging and communication systems, are able to perceive and convert optical signals to electrical signals. Herein, the large-area and high-quality lateral monolayer MoS2/WS2 heterojunctions were synthesized via the one-step liquid-phase chemical vapor deposition approach. Systematic characterization measurements have verified good uniformity and sharp interfaces of the channel materials. As a result, the photodetectors enhanced by the photogating effect can deliver competitive performance, including responsivity of ~ 567.6 A/W and detectivity of ~ 7.17 × 1011 Jones. In addition, the 1/f noise obtained from the current power spectrum is not conductive to the development of photodetectors, which is considered as originating from charge carrier trapping/detrapping. Therefore, this work may contribute to efficient optoelectronic devices based on lateral monolayer TMD heterostructures.

Download Full-text