Endemic circulation of hepatitis a virus in israel in spite of universal vaccination program evidenced by clinical and environmental surveillance

2015 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. S85
Author(s):  
E. Mendelson ◽  
Y. Manor ◽  
D. Ram ◽  
O. Mor ◽  
M. Savion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Universal Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Program ◽  
Environmental Surveillance

High prevalence of anti-hepatitis A IgG in a cohort of UK HIV-negative men who have sex with men: implications for local hepatitis A vaccine policy

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1007-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Bhagey ◽  
K Foster ◽  
S Ralph ◽  
A Wardropper ◽  
C White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Universal Vaccination ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Electronic Patient Records ◽  
Previous Infection ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Hiv Negative

BASHH guidelines recommend that ‘the hepatitis A virus total antibody test can be offered to at-risk patients whose immune status is unknown … depending on local funding arrangements’. We sought to measure the local prevalence of anti-hepatitis A (HAV) IgG in HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM), to inform the utility of pre-vaccination screening. We assessed the prevalence of anti-HAV IgG in HIV-negative MSM who attended sexual health services in County Durham and Darlington, UK, from March to August 2017. Data were extracted from electronic patient records and analysed in Excel. Our study was granted local Caldicott approval. Seventy four per cent of 244 HIV-negative MSM who attended for review were screened. Anti-HAV IgG was detected in 42% who did not report definite previous infection or vaccination; not detected in 57.4%; and was equivocal in 0.6%. Vaccine was administered to 48% of eligible patients. The estimated financial costs of universal vaccination of MSM (£4235.40) and pre-vaccination screening with vaccination of susceptible patients (£4188.13) are similar. Pre-vaccination screening and vaccination of susceptible patients does not save resources compared to a policy of universal vaccination of MSM in our setting. Universal vaccination of MSM attending genitourinary medicine clinics may improve vaccine uptake.

Evidence of Hepatitis A virus circulation in central Argentina: Seroprevalence and environmental surveillance

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A. Yanez ◽  
Noelia S. Lucero ◽  
Patricia A. Barril ◽  
María del P. Díaz ◽  
María M. Tenaglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Central Argentina

Environmental surveillance of norovirus and hepatitis A virus in raw oysters at seafood retails in Sinaloa, Mexico: detection of GII.P13 norovirus genotype

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Villicaña ◽  
Luis Amarillas ◽  
América Cota-Álvarez ◽  
Josefina León-Félix ◽  
Bruno Gómez-Gil
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Food Borne

Abstract Background Norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) have emerged as the leading agents of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis and hepatitis, respectively, primarily associated to food-borne outbreaks followed by the consumption of seafood. In Mexico, little is known about the molecular epidemiology of NoV and HAV, and a few studies have reported their presence in aquatic environments. In Sinaloa, the pleasure oyster (Crassostrea cortiziensis, Hertlein) is one of the main species consumed at seafood retails; however, information about the presence and genetic diversity of NoV and HAV is lacking. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and molecular diversity of NoV and HAV in raw pleasure oysters expended at seafood retails in Sinaloa, Mexico. Methods A total of 68 samples were collected at several seafood retails at four periods: Period 1 (October-November, 2010); Period 2 (December 2010-January 2011); Period 3 (March-April, 2011); and Period 4 (May, 2011). These oyster samples were tested for the presence of NoV and HAV by retrotranscription (RT)-nested PCR and RT-PCR, respectively. Enumeration of fecal coliforms was also conducted. In addition, an analysis of Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) was performed to determine a possible correlation of these enteric viruses with the presence of fecal coliforms and environmental temperature. Results Overall, NoV was detected in 57.3% of the 68 samples showing the highest occurrence (11/13) during Period 1 (October-November, 2010). No HAV-positive samples were detected. Fecal coliforms were more frequently detected (16/20) on Period 4 (May, 2011). A significant negative correlation between NoV and fecal coliforms was observed. A total of 28 sequences were obtained from NoV amplicons and surprisingly, phylogenetic analysis showed that all NoV sequences obtained from oysters belonged to GII.P13 genotype. Conclusions The results indicated that raw oysters expended at seafood retails are potential sources of human infection due to the presence of NoV, which interestingly were represented only by GII.P13 genotype. This is the first report confirming the presence of GII.P13 in Mexico, which may contribute with the better understanding of NoV genetic diversity and epidemiology.

scholarly journals Hepatitis A Virus Genotype Distribution during a Decade of Universal Vaccination of Preadolescents

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 6842-6854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucía D’Andrea ◽  
Francisco Pérez-Rodríguez ◽  
Montserrat de Castellarnau ◽  
Sandra Manzanares ◽  
Josep Lite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Universal Vaccination ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Virus Genotype

scholarly journals Assessment of the spatio-temporal distribution of Hepatitis-a virus transmission in the state of Pará, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipe Riskalla Leal ◽  
Milton Kampel ◽  
Ricardo José de Paula Souza e Guimarães
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Space Time ◽  
The State ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Vaccination Program ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Time Scan

Abstract The hepatitis-A virus (HAV) is a worldwide healthcare problem, mainly affecting countries with poor sanitation and socioeconomic conditions. Spatio-temporal analyses have become an important scientific asset for identifying the clustering of disease infection, providing support for planning interventions and control strategies. This study aims to determine the spatio-temporal variability of HAV infection and related population-based demographic factors in a endemic region. The selected area of study was Pará state, Brazil. Brazilian Ministry of Health Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) epidemiological report, MS vaccination coverage and Brazilian National Sanitation System (SNIS) sanitation condition datum have been analyzed. Spatial (Moran and Local Moran index) and space-time scan statistics techniques have been applied over Pará state using SINAN database for the assessment of the hepatitis-A incidence for a period of 10 years (from 2008 up to 2017). A total of 5500 cases has been reported. Gender specific incidence analysis indicated that men have higher risk of contamination than women. Sociodemographic (lack of sanitation), socioeconomic (municipality governments investments in infra-structure) presented relationship with the disease incidence. There have been evidences that extreme events of severe precipitation and severe droughs were also related to increase in hepatitis-A notification cases. Spatial statistics denoted a heterogeneous geographical structure in the disease`s incidence: isolated high and low HAV incidence clusters through the years, implying in a complex disease outbreak system that is partially controlled by public vaccination actions. Space-time scan statistics denoted that hepatitis-A incidence is highly attached to the public HAV vaccination program and to municipality specific social infrastructure. Lower incidence risk were majorly aggregated over the Nordeste Paraense and Metropolitana de Belém meso-regions. Distinct clusters of hepatitis-A incidence have been found over the studied area (Pará state), and these clusters varied over the years centered at northwest and northeast meso-regions, mainly time-located prior to the national vaccination program start (prior to 2014). National public vaccination program has not been capable of erradicating the disease in the state. Further studies are required to better assess the relationship between climate change efffects over weather events and their relation to HAV transmission outbreaks.

Application of solid-phase immune electron microscopy to study physical and stability characteristics of enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis virus

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 80-81
Author(s):  
Charles D. Humphrey ◽  
E. H. Cook ◽  
Karen A. McCaustland ◽  
Daniel W. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Immune Electron Microscopy

Enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (ET-NANBH) is a type of hepatitis which is increasingly becoming a significant world health concern. As with hepatitis A virus (HAV), spread is by the fecal-oral mode of transmission. Until recently, the etiologic agent had not been isolated and identified. We have succeeded in the isolation and preliminary characterization of this virus and demonstrating that this agent can cause hepatic disease and seroconversion in experimental primates. Our characterization of this virus was facilitated by immune (IEM) and solid phase immune electron microscopic (SPIEM) methodologies.Many immune electron microscopy methodologies have been used for morphological identification and characterization of viruses. We have previously reported a highly effective solid phase immune electron microscopy procedure which facilitated identification of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in crude cell culture extracts. More recently we have reported utilization of the method for identification of an etiologic agent responsible for (ET-NANBH).

Hepatitis A Antigen in Liver, Bile and Stool

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 340-341
Author(s):  
D.R. Jackson ◽  
J.H. Hoofnagle ◽  
A.N. Schulman ◽  
J.L. Dienstag ◽  
R.H. Purcell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Type A ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Virus Like Particle ◽  
Elevated Liver Enzymes ◽  
Ag Particles ◽  
Ag Particle ◽  
Human Stool

Using immune electron microscopy Feinstone et. al. demonstrated the presence of a 27 nm virus-like particle in acute-phase stools of patients with viral hepatitis, type A, These hepatitis A antigen (HA Ag) particles were aggregated by convalescent serum from patients with type A hepatitis but not by pre-infection serum. Subsequently Dienstag et. al. and Maynard et. al. produced acute hepatitis in chimpanzees by inoculation with human stool containing HA Ag. During the early acute disease, virus like particles antigenically, morphologically and biophysically identical to the human HA Ag particle were found in chimpanzee stool. Recently Hilleman et. al. have described similar particles in liver and serum of marmosets infected with hepatitis A virus (HAV). We have investigated liver, bile and stool from chimpanzees and marmosets experimentally infected with HAV. In an initial study, a chimpanzee (no.785) inoculated with HA Ag-containing stool developed elevated liver enzymes 21 days after exposure.

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