Government environmental control measures on CO2 emission during the 2014 Youth Olympic Games in Nanjing: Perspectives from a top-down approach

The water quality in the 12 priority watercourses of Hong Kong was appraised in respect of the various environmental control measures being undertaken. It was noted that water quality in Lam Tsuen River had been significantly improved since 1983. This is attributed to recent resumption of unsewered lands for town development, training of river basin to increase flow, and declaration of the catchment as a “Water Control Zone” under the Water Pollution Control Ordinance. In contrast with the other heavily polluted watercourses to which little abatement measures were implemented, the water qualities of Shing Mun River and Tuen Mun River were slightly upgraded because of the efforts to rectify unauthorized industrial discharges back to foul sewer and provision of interceptors and sewers to villages. The 10 year Livestock Waste Control Scheme enforced on 24 June 1989 was found in parallel with BOD and suspended solids decrease in watercourses. To assess its effectiveness, however, a longer term monitoring is required to get a conclusive result.

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Overview: The allergic reaction and site-based therapy

Otolaryngology ◽

10.1177/019459989210700602.2 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 107 (6_part_2) ◽

pp. 828-830 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Richard L. Mabry

Keyword(s):

Allergic Reaction ◽

Environmental Control ◽

Allergic Patient ◽

Control Measures ◽

Rational Approach ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Mediators Of Inflammation ◽

Care Approach ◽

Step Care ◽

Step Care Approach

The successful management of upper respiratory tract allergy is based on a triad of interdependent approaches that, with rare exceptions, must all be considered in every allergic patient. They consist of allergen avoidance with environmental control measures, pharmacotherapy with use of a step-care approach, and immunotherapy. Environmental control measures should be used to prevent events that trigger and sustain the condition. Once started, the allergic reaction includes the release of mediators of inflammation that produce well-known symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Treatment should consist of a step-wise, rational approach that includes site-based therapy with one or more drugs acting at different sites. The drugs used are antihistamines, decongestants, cromolyn sodium, and corticosteroids. Immunotherapy should be considered at any step, because it offers the only curative approach.

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Adherence to environmental control measures

Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology ◽

10.1016/j.anai.2012.05.003 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 109 (2) ◽

pp. 85-86

Author(s):

Mauli Desai ◽

John Oppenheimer

Keyword(s):

Environmental Control ◽

Control Measures

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Microbial Omics: Role in Ecological Studies and Environmental Control Measures

Environmental Biotechnology Vol. 2 - Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-38196-7_8 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 173-196

Author(s):

Neelam M. Nathani ◽

Riddhi H. Rajyaguru ◽

P. Ninian Prem Prashanth ◽

Chandrashekar Mootapally ◽

Bharti P. Dave

Keyword(s):

Environmental Control ◽

Control Measures ◽

Ecological Studies

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The Involvement of Law in Engineering Profession.

International Journal of Recent Contributions from Engineering Science & IT (iJES) ◽

10.3991/ijes.v6i2.8837 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 79

Author(s):

Rowland Jerry Okechukwu Ekeocha

Keyword(s):

Hydrological Cycle ◽

Environmental Control ◽

Mineral Resources ◽

Control Measures ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Effective Control ◽

Cyclic Process ◽

Engineering Profession ◽

Natural Energy ◽

Background Temperature

Engineering law explains the interaction of law with industry. Engineering activities have some adverse effects on the environment through industrial wastes, gaseous emission air pollution and other forms of environmental degradation. There is the need to regulate harmful activities to the environment because of their adverse effect even though nature provides regeneration and maintenance of steady state conditions through the existence of a 2.7k background temperature space for heat rejection to close heat balance and the oceans which accept continental runoffs to close material balances of cyclic process. Environmental control therefore seeks to conserve natural energy and mineral resources by subduing and utilizing nature`s ecological cycles to serve the needs of humanity. Environmental control also seeks to replenish depletable fuel supplies with clean and abundant forms of gravitational solar and nuclear energy. In addition, environmental control seeks to conserve land and water runoffs, occurring naturally in the hydrological cycle. Engineering law and related laws contain provision that lead to the realization of the objectives of environmental control. This work discusses in one swoop environmental control measures and the interaction of law with industry in relation to engineering activities/practices. The greatest engineering progress is achieved through the effective control of environmental/engineering activities to derive optimum benefits for humanity.

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Immunological Factors Associated with Adult Asthma in the Aseer Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16142495 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (14) ◽

pp. 2495 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Al-Ghamdi ◽

Koshak ◽

Omer ◽

Awadalla ◽

Mahfouz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Bronchial Asthma ◽

Immunoglobulin E ◽

Environmental Control ◽

Complete Blood Count ◽

Control Measures ◽

House Dust Mites ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Immunological Factors ◽

Age And Sex

Background: The prevalence of asthma is on the rise in Saudi Arabia. Data regarding the immunological profile of asthma in adults in the Aseer region, in southwestern Saudi Arabia, have not been well studied. Objectives: Our aim was to study the immunological factors associated with sensitization to asthma among adults in the Aseer region. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a nested case control design in a 1:1 ratio was conducted on a sample of adults attending primary health care centers in the Aseer region. The study used a validated Arabic version of the International study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. The presence of wheezing in the past 12 months was used as a proxy for bronchial asthma. Matched age and sex controls were selected. Both groups were tested for complete blood count (CBC), total and differential white blood cell (WBC) count including eosinophils, total immunoglobulin E (IgE) measurement, allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), and cytokine levels. Results: The present study included 110 cases and 157 age- and sex-matched controls. Rye wheat was found to be a significant outdoor sensitizing agent ((odds ratio) OR = 5.23, 95% CI: 1.06–25.69). Indoors, house dust mites Dermatophagoides petronyssinus (OR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.04–3.99) and Dermatophagoides farinae (OR = 2.50, 95% CI: 1.09–5.75) were significant. Higher total IgE (OR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.10–3.06) and eosinophil levels (OR = 2.85, 95% CI: 1.14–7.15) were significantly associated with adult bronchial asthma in Aseer. On the other hand, the role of cytokines was not significant. Conclusions: In the present study, certain environmental agents were found to be important with regards to sensitization to bronchial asthma in adults. Knowledge about these sensitization agents should be disseminated to health providers and treating physicians in order to enhance preventive environmental control measures and asthma management. Asthma-treating physicians in the region should be alerted to the use of targeted biological therapies in selected asthmatics with difficult-to-control courses.

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Estimated effects of air quality control measures on mortality reduction and economic benefits during the 2014 Nanjing Youth Olympic Games

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/291/1/012001 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 291 ◽

pp. 012001

Author(s):

S Y Yu ◽

Y Qian

Keyword(s):

Quality Control ◽

Air Quality ◽

Olympic Games ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Control Measures ◽

Mortality Reduction ◽

Air Quality Control

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Mathematical models for assessing the role of airflow on the risk of airborne infection in hospital wards

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2009.0305.focus ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 6 (suppl_6) ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Catherine J. Noakes ◽

P. Andrew Sleigh

Keyword(s):

Environmental Control ◽

Environmental Parameters ◽

Control Measures ◽

Stochastic Version ◽

Airborne Infection ◽

Healthcare Settings ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Original Presentation ◽

Dynamics Simulations ◽

Hospital Wards

Understanding the risk of airborne transmission can provide important information for designing safe healthcare environments with an appropriate level of environmental control for mitigating risks. The most common approach for assessing risk is to use the Wells–Riley equation to relate infectious cases to human and environmental parameters. While it is a simple model that can yield valuable information, the model used as in its original presentation has a number of limitations. This paper reviews recent developments addressing some of the limitations including coupling with epidemic models to evaluate the wider impact of control measures on disease progression, linking with zonal ventilation or computational fluid dynamics simulations to deal with imperfect mixing in real environments and recent work on dose–response modelling to simulate the interaction between pathogens and the host. A stochastic version of the Wells–Riley model is presented that allows consideration of the effects of small populations relevant in healthcare settings and it is demonstrated how this can be linked to a simple zonal ventilation model to simulate the influence of proximity to an infector. The results show how neglecting the stochastic effects present in a real situation could underestimate the risk by 15 per cent or more and that the number and rate of new infections between connected spaces is strongly dependent on the airflow. Results also indicate the potential danger of using fully mixed models for future risk assessments, with quanta values derived from such cases less than half the actual source value.

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Emission controls versus meteorological conditions in determining aerosol concentrations in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-11-12437-2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 (23) ◽

pp. 12437-12451 ◽

Cited By ~ 95

Author(s):

Y. Gao ◽

X. Liu ◽

C. Zhao ◽

M. Zhang

Keyword(s):

Olympic Games ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Emission Control ◽

Meteorological Conditions ◽

Control Measures ◽

Total Particulate Matter ◽

Beijing Olympic Games ◽

Budget Analysis ◽

Emission Controls ◽

2008 Beijing Olympic Games

Abstract. A series of emission control measures were undertaken in Beijing and the adjacent provinces in China during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games on 8–24 August 2008. This provides a unique opportunity for investigating the effectiveness of emission controls on air pollution in Beijing. We conducted a series of numerical experiments over East Asia for the period of July to September 2008 using a coupled meteorology-chemistry model (WRF-Chem). Model can generally reproduce the observed variation of aerosol concentrations. Consistent with observations, modeled concentrations of aerosol species (sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon, organic carbon, total particulate matter) in Beijing were decreased by 30–50% during the Olympic period compared to the other periods in July and August in 2008 and the same period in 2007. Model results indicate that emission controls were effective in reducing the aerosol concentrations by comparing simulations with and without emission controls. In addition to emission controls, our analysis suggests that meteorological conditions (e.g. wind direction and precipitation) were also important in producing the low aerosol concentrations appearing during the Olympic period. Transport from the regions surrounding Beijing determined the daily variation of aerosol concentrations in Beijing. Based on the budget analysis, we suggest that to improve the air quality over Beijing, emission control strategy should focus on the regional scale instead of the local scale.

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