scholarly journals Mathematical models for assessing the role of airflow on the risk of airborne infection in hospital wards

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (suppl_6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine J. Noakes ◽  
P. Andrew Sleigh
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Control ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Stochastic Version ◽  
Airborne Infection ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Original Presentation ◽  
Dynamics Simulations ◽  
Hospital Wards

Understanding the risk of airborne transmission can provide important information for designing safe healthcare environments with an appropriate level of environmental control for mitigating risks. The most common approach for assessing risk is to use the Wells–Riley equation to relate infectious cases to human and environmental parameters. While it is a simple model that can yield valuable information, the model used as in its original presentation has a number of limitations. This paper reviews recent developments addressing some of the limitations including coupling with epidemic models to evaluate the wider impact of control measures on disease progression, linking with zonal ventilation or computational fluid dynamics simulations to deal with imperfect mixing in real environments and recent work on dose–response modelling to simulate the interaction between pathogens and the host. A stochastic version of the Wells–Riley model is presented that allows consideration of the effects of small populations relevant in healthcare settings and it is demonstrated how this can be linked to a simple zonal ventilation model to simulate the influence of proximity to an infector. The results show how neglecting the stochastic effects present in a real situation could underestimate the risk by 15 per cent or more and that the number and rate of new infections between connected spaces is strongly dependent on the airflow. Results also indicate the potential danger of using fully mixed models for future risk assessments, with quanta values derived from such cases less than half the actual source value.

scholarly journals Quantitative environmental impact assessment of the Open cast mining in Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh, India

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-368
Author(s):  
Ajai Mishra ◽  
Vinay Kumar Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Environmental Impact Assessment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mining Areas

The district Sonbhadra, previously a part of Mirzapur district in Uttar Pradesh, India, was created as a separate district in 1991.Geologically the area consists of Vindhyan supergroup, Mahakoshal group and Dudhi granitoid complex.The district Sonbhadra has rich mineral resources and their potential. The area is known for production of cement grade Limestone and Dolomite; the other minerals are Clay, Calcite, Silimanite and base metals for more than last three decades. These mining areas show impacts on the environmental status of the district. In the present study, the different mining and environmental parameters have been considered for analysing the environmental impact assessment (EIA). A matrix method has been used to delineate the quantitative EIA in the area. Finally, the resulted assessment impact value index (-2861.76), shows significant impact on environment such as degradation of forest land, air contamination due to mining dust, water quality and related health aspect of the area. Thus, major environmental control measures should be taken for sustainable development of the study area such as improvement of mining equipments, proper dumping of the mining waste and large scale plantation.

scholarly journals The effect of environmental parameters on the survival of airborne infectious agents

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (suppl_6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian W. Tang
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Infectious Disease Transmission ◽  
Successful Transmission ◽  
Airborne Infection ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

The successful transmission of infection via the airborne route relies on several factors, including the survival of the airborne pathogen in the environment as it travels between susceptible hosts. This review summarizes the various environmental factors (particularly temperature and relative humidity) that may affect the airborne survival of viruses, bacteria and fungi, with the aim of highlighting specific aspects of environmental control that may eventually enhance the aerosol or airborne infection control of infectious disease transmission within hospitals.

Water Quality in the Priority Watercourses of Hong Kong in Respect of Various Environmental Control Measures

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ho Kin-chung
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Livestock Waste ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Control Zone ◽  
Town Development ◽  
Control Scheme ◽  
Term Monitoring

The water quality in the 12 priority watercourses of Hong Kong was appraised in respect of the various environmental control measures being undertaken. It was noted that water quality in Lam Tsuen River had been significantly improved since 1983. This is attributed to recent resumption of unsewered lands for town development, training of river basin to increase flow, and declaration of the catchment as a “Water Control Zone” under the Water Pollution Control Ordinance. In contrast with the other heavily polluted watercourses to which little abatement measures were implemented, the water qualities of Shing Mun River and Tuen Mun River were slightly upgraded because of the efforts to rectify unauthorized industrial discharges back to foul sewer and provision of interceptors and sewers to villages. The 10 year Livestock Waste Control Scheme enforced on 24 June 1989 was found in parallel with BOD and suspended solids decrease in watercourses. To assess its effectiveness, however, a longer term monitoring is required to get a conclusive result.

Overview: The allergic reaction and site-based therapy

1992 ◽  
Vol 107 (6_part_2) ◽  
pp. 828-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Mabry
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Reaction ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Allergic Patient ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Mediators Of Inflammation ◽  
Care Approach ◽  
Step Care ◽  
Step Care Approach

The successful management of upper respiratory tract allergy is based on a triad of interdependent approaches that, with rare exceptions, must all be considered in every allergic patient. They consist of allergen avoidance with environmental control measures, pharmacotherapy with use of a step-care approach, and immunotherapy. Environmental control measures should be used to prevent events that trigger and sustain the condition. Once started, the allergic reaction includes the release of mediators of inflammation that produce well-known symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Treatment should consist of a step-wise, rational approach that includes site-based therapy with one or more drugs acting at different sites. The drugs used are antihistamines, decongestants, cromolyn sodium, and corticosteroids. Immunotherapy should be considered at any step, because it offers the only curative approach.

Adherence to environmental control measures

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-86
Author(s):  
Mauli Desai ◽  
John Oppenheimer
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Control ◽  
Control Measures

Microbial Omics: Role in Ecological Studies and Environmental Control Measures

2020 ◽  
pp. 173-196
Author(s):  
Neelam M. Nathani ◽  
Riddhi H. Rajyaguru ◽  
P. Ninian Prem Prashanth ◽  
Chandrashekar Mootapally ◽  
Bharti P. Dave
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Ecological Studies

scholarly journals ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY AND DETECTION METHODS FOR THE EXTENDED‑SPECTRUM β-LACTAMASES PRODUCING ENTEROBACTERIACEAE FROM CLINICAL SAMPLES

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Kaviyarasan G ◽  
Rajamanikandan Kcp ◽  
Sabarimuthu M ◽  
Ramya S ◽  
Arvind Prasanth D
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Drug Choice ◽  
Synergy Test

Objectives: Detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) is crucial for the infection control and antibiotic choice in healthcare settings. The aim of this study is to develop a standardized, inexpensive, and simple approach that is able to detect ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates.Methods: Isolates those were resistant to at least one of the three indicator cephalosporins (cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, and ceftazidime) were tested for ESBL production using the double disc synergy test (DDST), combined disc synergy test (CDST) test and genotypic detection of the responsible gene for the ESBL.Result: From 64 isolates, 28 were resistant to cephalosporins. In 28 isolates, 23 were positive in CDST but in the DDST 18 were showing ESBL positive. 10 were positive in both CDST and DDST.Conclusion: Resistance to cephalosporins, which are the drug choice to treat mixed bacterial infections by the Enterobacteriaceae of which disseminate rapidly being plasmid mediated. Hence, it is necessary that rapid detection of ESBL should be done and immediate infection control measures should be implemented to prevent their dissemination.

scholarly journals Prevalence of active tuberculosis disease among healthcare workers and support staff in healthcare settings of the Amhara region, Ethiopia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253177
Author(s):  
Melashu Balew Shiferaw ◽  
Mulusew Alemneh Sinishaw ◽  
Desalegne Amare ◽  
Genetu Alem ◽  
Dawit Asefa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Support Staff ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Amhara Region ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
And Control

Background Health care workers (HCWs) are at an increased risk of acquiring tuberculosis (TB) compared to the general population, because of the frequent face to face contact or potential exposure to TB through shared air or space with infectious patient(s), regardless of economic setting and local TB incidence. Information on the burden of active TB disease among HCWs will help guide control measures, can be utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of TB infection prevention programs in the health care setting, and guide necessary actions. However, data on TB among HCW in Ethiopia is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of active TB disease among healthcare workers and support staff in healthcare settings in the Amhara region of Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used to recruit a total of 580 randomly selected study participants in the Amhara region. Data were collected over four months in selected hospitals and health centers. Implementation of TB prevention and control measures was evaluated using a standardized checklist. The main outcome indicator was active TB as measured by a laboratory diagnosis using GeneXpert technology. Results A total of 580 study participants were enrolled. The mean age was 31.3 (±7.8 standard deviation) years, with about two-thirds (65.3%) aged between 18–24 years. A total of 9 (1.6%) MTB cases were detected, 4 (1.4%) in HCWs and 5 (1.7%) in support staff, which did not significantly differ (P = 0.50). About 90% of the participants had not received TB infection prevention and control training ever. More than half (54%) of the study participants worked in poorly ventilated rooms. Triage of coughing patients was not practiced in 32% of the studied facilities (health centers and hospitals). Conclusions The magnitude of TB among healthcare workers and support staff in healthcare settings was higher than in the general population (140 per 100000 population). The status of implementation of tuberculosis prevention and control measures indicated missed opportunities. Hence, strict implementation of developed infection control plans of TB in healthcare settings needs to be improved.

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