scholarly journals The Involvement of Law in Engineering Profession.

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Rowland Jerry Okechukwu Ekeocha
Keyword(s):  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Cyclic Process ◽  
Engineering Profession ◽  
Natural Energy ◽  
Background Temperature

<p><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: medium;">Engineering law explains the interaction of law with industry. Engineering activities have some adverse effects on the environment through industrial wastes, gaseous emission air pollution and other forms of environmental degradation. There is the need to regulate harmful activities to the environment because of their adverse effect even though nature provides regeneration and maintenance of steady state conditions through the existence of a 2.7k background temperature space for heat rejection to close heat balance and the oceans which accept continental runoffs to close material balances of cyclic process. Environmental control therefore seeks to conserve natural energy and mineral resources by subduing and utilizing nature`s ecological cycles to serve the needs of humanity. Environmental control also seeks to replenish depletable fuel supplies with clean and abundant forms of gravitational solar and nuclear energy. In addition, environmental control seeks to conserve land and water runoffs, occurring naturally in the hydrological cycle. Engineering law and related laws contain provision that lead to the realization of the objectives of environmental control. This work discusses in one swoop environmental control measures and the interaction of law with industry in relation to engineering activities/practices. The greatest engineering progress is achieved through the effective control of environmental/engineering activities to derive optimum benefits for humanity. </span></span></p>

scholarly journals Quantitative environmental impact assessment of the Open cast mining in Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh, India

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-368
Author(s):  
Ajai Mishra ◽  
Vinay Kumar Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Environmental Impact Assessment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mining Areas

The district Sonbhadra, previously a part of Mirzapur district in Uttar Pradesh, India, was created as a separate district in 1991.Geologically the area consists of Vindhyan supergroup, Mahakoshal group and Dudhi granitoid complex.The district Sonbhadra has rich mineral resources and their potential. The area is known for production of cement grade Limestone and Dolomite; the other minerals are Clay, Calcite, Silimanite and base metals for more than last three decades. These mining areas show impacts on the environmental status of the district. In the present study, the different mining and environmental parameters have been considered for analysing the environmental impact assessment (EIA). A matrix method has been used to delineate the quantitative EIA in the area. Finally, the resulted assessment impact value index (-2861.76), shows significant impact on environment such as degradation of forest land, air contamination due to mining dust, water quality and related health aspect of the area. Thus, major environmental control measures should be taken for sustainable development of the study area such as improvement of mining equipments, proper dumping of the mining waste and large scale plantation.

The Mediterranean Action Plan: A Regional Approach to Pollution Control

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 197-205
Author(s):  
Lj Jeftié ◽  
L. J. Saliba
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Environmental Preservation ◽  
Agricultural Pesticides ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
And Control

Increasing concern over the deterioration of the Mediterranean sea as a result of increasing pollution by untreated sewage and industrial wastes, agricultural pesticides and fertilizers and oil discharges, led to a series of meetings between 1970 and 1974, and finally to the UNEP-sponsored Mediterranean Action Plan, adopted by governments of the region in 1975 and ongoing since that time. The legal component of the Plan includes a framework Convention and four protocols; the environmental assessment component (the MED POL programme) consists of national pollution monitoring programmes, and research projects conducted by Mediterranean institutions; the environmental management component consists of the Blue Plan (a prospective study combining socio-economic development with environmental preservation) and the Priority Actions Programme (a series of sub-region sectoral projects in defined areas). The Plan has been financed by Mediterranean States since 1979, and is managed by UNEP with the cooperation of other competent UN Agencies. During the last ten years, activities undertaken have improved knowledge of the state of pollution of the Mediterranean sea, and facilitated joint regional action in the form of preventive and control measures.

Water Quality in the Priority Watercourses of Hong Kong in Respect of Various Environmental Control Measures

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ho Kin-chung
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Livestock Waste ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Control Zone ◽  
Town Development ◽  
Control Scheme ◽  
Term Monitoring

The water quality in the 12 priority watercourses of Hong Kong was appraised in respect of the various environmental control measures being undertaken. It was noted that water quality in Lam Tsuen River had been significantly improved since 1983. This is attributed to recent resumption of unsewered lands for town development, training of river basin to increase flow, and declaration of the catchment as a “Water Control Zone” under the Water Pollution Control Ordinance. In contrast with the other heavily polluted watercourses to which little abatement measures were implemented, the water qualities of Shing Mun River and Tuen Mun River were slightly upgraded because of the efforts to rectify unauthorized industrial discharges back to foul sewer and provision of interceptors and sewers to villages. The 10 year Livestock Waste Control Scheme enforced on 24 June 1989 was found in parallel with BOD and suspended solids decrease in watercourses. To assess its effectiveness, however, a longer term monitoring is required to get a conclusive result.

Characterizing the effectiveness of COVID-19 mitigation measures: A data-centric approach (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukman Olagoke ◽  
Ahmet E. Topcu
Keyword(s):  
Control Measure ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
The World ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND COVID-19 represents a serious threat to both national health and economic systems. To curb this pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a series of COVID-19 public safety guidelines. Different countries around the world initiated different measures in line with the WHO guidelines to mitigate and investigate the spread of COVID-19 in their territories. OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper is to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of these control measures using a data-centric approach. METHODS We begin with a simple text analysis of coronavirus-related articles and show that reports on similar outbreaks in the past strongly proposed similar control measures. This reaffirms the fact that these control measures are in order. Subsequently, we propose a simple performance statistic that quantifies general performance and performance under the different measures that were initiated. A density based clustering of based on performance statistic was carried out to group countries based on performance. RESULTS The performance statistic helps evaluate quantitatively the impact of COVID-19 control measures. Countries tend show variability in performance under different control measures. The performance statistic has negative correlation with cases of death which is a useful characteristics for COVID-19 control measure performance analysis. A web-based time-line visualization that enables comparison of performances and cases across continents and subregions is presented. CONCLUSIONS The performance metric is relevant for the analysis of the impact of COVID-19 control measures. This can help caregivers and policymakers identify effective control measures and reduce cases of death due to COVID-19. The interactive web visualizer provides easily digested and quick feedback to augment decision-making processes in the COVID-19 response measures evaluation. CLINICALTRIAL Not Applicable

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Epidemic Preventive Policies and Hospital Strategies in Combating COVID-19 Outbreak in Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3456
Author(s):  
Ting Wan Tan ◽  
Han Ling Tan ◽  
Man Na Chang ◽  
Wen Shu Lin ◽  
Chih Ming Chang
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Test ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Preventive Strategies ◽  
Epidemic Control

(1) Background: The implementation of effective control measures in a timely fashion is crucial to control the epidemic outbreak of COVID-19. In this study, we aimed to analyze the control measures implemented during the COVID-19 outbreak, as well as evaluating the responses and outcomes at different phases for epidemic control in Taiwan. (2) Methods: This case study reviewed responses to COVID-19 and the effectiveness of a range of control measures implemented for epidemic control in Taiwan and assessed all laboratory-confirmed cases between 11 January until 20 December 2020, inclusive of these dates. The confirmation of COVID-19 infection was defined as the positive result of a reverse-transcriptase–polymerase-chain-reaction test taken from a nasopharyngeal swab. Test results were reported by the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control. The incidence rate, mortality rate, and testing rate were compiled, and the risk ratio was provided to gain insights into the effectiveness of prevention measures. (3) Results and Discussion: This study presents retrospective data on the COVID-19 incidence rate in Taiwan, combined with the vital preventive control measures, in a timeline of the early stage of the epidemic that occurred in Taiwan. The implementation of multiple strategy control measures and the assistance of technologies to control the COVID-19 epidemic in Taiwan led to a relatively slower trend in the outbreak compared to the neighboring countries. In Taiwan, 766 confirmed patients were included, comprised of 88.1% imported cases and 7.2% local transmission cases, within the studied period. The incidence rate of COVID-19 in Taiwan during the studied period was 32 per million people, with a mortality rate of 0.3 per million people. Our analysis showed a significantly raised incidence risk ratio in the countries of interest in comparison to Taiwan during the study period; in the range of 1.9 to 947.5. The outbreak was brought under control through epidemic policies and hospital strategies implemented by the Taiwan Government. (4) Conclusion: Taiwan’s preventive strategies resulted in a drastically lower risk for Taiwan nationals of contracting COVID-19 when new pharmaceutical drug or vaccines were not yet available. The preventive strategies employed by Taiwan could serve as a guide and reference for future epidemic control strategies.

scholarly journals Molecular Identification of Mushroom Species in Italy: An Ongoing Project Aimed at Reinforcing the Control Measures of an Increasingly Appreciated Sustainable Food

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 238
Author(s):  
Alice Giusti ◽  
Enrica Ricci ◽  
Laura Gasperetti ◽  
Marta Galgani ◽  
Luca Polidori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
Winning Strategy ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Mushroom Poisoning ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Mushroom Species ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Genotypic Analysis

Proper investment in mushroom production (farming and wild mushroom picking activities) may represent a winning strategy for many countries, including Italy, to better face the problems of food security and environmental impact, and to break away from imports, enhancing the local products. However, the risk related to the consumption of poisoning species requires governments to implement or reinforce effective control measures to protect consumers. Mushroom identification by phenotype observation is hardly applicable if morphologically-similar species, non-whole specimens, or clinical samples are involved. Genotypic analysis is a valid alternative. An ongoing research project involving the Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lazio and Tuscany, the regional Mycological Inspectorate, the Tuscany Mycological Groups Association, and the Department of Veterinary Sciences of the University of Pisa aims to reinforce the collaboration among institutions for the management of mushroom poisoning. The core’s project aims to develop an internal genetic database to support the identification of wild and cultivated mushroom species in the Italian territory. The database will include Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequences retrieved from official databases (the NCBI GenBank and the BOLD system) which are considered to be reliable, after a proper selection process, and sequences from specimens collected directly and identified by expert mycologists. Once it is validated, the database will be available and further implementable by the official network of national laboratories.

scholarly journals Timing and Route of Contamination of Patient Rooms With Healthcare-Associated Pathogens

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s412-s412
Author(s):  
Sarah Redmond ◽  
Jennifer Cadnum ◽  
Basya Pearlmutter ◽  
Natalia Pinto Herrera ◽  
Curtis Donskey
Keyword(s):  
Acute Care Hospital ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Healthcare Associated

Background: Transmission of healthcare-associated pathogens such as Clostridioides difficile and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a persistent problem in healthcare facilities despite current control measures. A better understanding of the routes of pathogen transmission is needed to develop effective control measures. Methods: We conducted an observational cohort study in an acute-care hospital to identify the timing and route of transfer of pathogens to rooms of newly admitted patients with negative MRSA nares results and no known carriage of other healthcare-associated pathogens. Rooms were thoroughly cleaned and disinfected prior to patient admission. Interactions of patients with personnel and portable equipment were observed, and serial cultures for pathogens were collected from the skin of patients and from surfaces, including those observed to come in contact with personnel and equipment. For MRSA, spa typing was used to determine relatedness of patient and environmental isolates. Results: For the 17 patients enrolled, 1 or more environmental cultures became positive for MRSA in rooms of 10 patients (59%), for C. difficile in rooms of 2 patients (12%) and for vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in rooms of 2 patients (12%). The patients interacted with an average of 2.4 personnel and 0.6 portable devices per hour of observation. As shown in Figure 1, MRSA contamination of the floor occurred rapidly as personnel entered the room. In a subset of patients, MRSA was subsequently recovered from patients’ socks and bedding and ultimately from the high-touch surfaces in the room (tray table, call button, bedrail). For several patients, MRSA isolates recovered from the floor had the same spa type as isolates subsequently recovered from other sites (eg, socks, bedding, and/or high touch surfaces). The direct transfer of healthcare-associated pathogens from personnel or equipment to high-touch surfaces was not detected. Conclusions: Healthcare-associated pathogens rapidly accumulate on the floor of patient rooms and can be transferred to the socks and bedding of patients and to high-touch surfaces. Healthcare facility floors may be an underappreciated source of pathogen dissemination not addressed by current infection control measures.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

scholarly journals Genome sequence, transcriptome, and annotation of rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis N67

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cui Zhang ◽  
Cihan Oguz ◽  
Sue Huse ◽  
Lu Xia ◽  
Jian Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Plasmodium Yoelii ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Malaria Parasites ◽  
Rodent Malaria

Abstract Background Rodent malaria parasites are important models for studying host-malaria parasite interactions such as host immune response, mechanisms of parasite evasion of host killing, and vaccine development. One of the rodent malaria parasites is Plasmodium yoelii, and multiple P. yoelii strains or subspecies that cause different disease phenotypes have been widely employed in various studies. The genomes and transcriptomes of several P. yoelii strains have been analyzed and annotated, including the lethal strains of P. y. yoelii YM (or 17XL) and non-lethal strains of P. y. yoelii 17XNL/17X. Genomic DNA sequences and cDNA reads from another subspecies P. y. nigeriensis N67 have been reported for studies of genetic polymorphisms and parasite response to drugs, but its genome has not been assembled and annotated. Results We performed genome sequencing of the N67 parasite using the PacBio long-read sequencing technology, de novo assembled its genome and transcriptome, and predicted 5383 genes with high overall annotation quality. Comparison of the annotated genome of the N67 parasite with those of YM and 17X parasites revealed a set of genes with N67-specific orthology, expansion of gene families, particularly the homologs of the Plasmodium chabaudi erythrocyte membrane antigen, large numbers of SNPs and indels, and proteins predicted to interact with host immune responses based on their functional domains. Conclusions The genomes of N67 and 17X parasites are highly diverse, having approximately one polymorphic site per 50 base pairs of DNA. The annotated N67 genome and transcriptome provide searchable databases for fast retrieval of genes and proteins, which will greatly facilitate our efforts in studying the parasite biology and gene function and in developing effective control measures against malaria.

Isolation and characterization of Hena1 – a novel Erwinia amylovora bacteriophage

2020 ◽  
Vol 367 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalya V Besarab ◽  
Artur E Akhremchuk ◽  
Maryna A Zlatohurska ◽  
Liudmyla V Romaniuk ◽  
Leonid N Valentovich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Gc Content ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Lytic Phage ◽  
Trna Genes ◽  
Isolation And Characterization

ABSTRACT Fire blight, caused by plant pathogenic bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is one of the most important diseases of Rosaceae plants. Due to the lack of effective control measures, fire blight infections pose a recurrent threat on agricultural production worldwide. Recently, bacterial viruses, or bacteriophages, have been proposed as environmentally friendly natural antimicrobial agents for fire blight control. Here, we isolated a novel bacteriophage Hena1 with activity against E. amylovora. Further analysis revealed that Hena1 is a narrow-host-range lytic phage belonging to Myoviridae family. Its genome consists of a linear 148,842 bp dsDNA (48.42% GC content) encoding 240 ORFs and 23 tRNA genes. Based on virion structure and genomic composition, Hena1 was classified as a new species of bacteriophage subfamily Vequintavirinae. The comprehensive analysis of Hena1 genome may provide further insights into evolution of bacteriophages infecting plant pathogenic bacteria.

scholarly journals First Description of KPC-2-ProducingKlebsiella oxytocaIsolated from a Pediatric Patient with Nosocomial Pneumonia in Venezuela

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indira Labrador ◽  
María Araque
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Patient ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Conjugative Plasmid ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Significant Class

During the last decade, carbapenem resistance has emerged among clinical isolates of the Enterobacteriaceae family. This has been increasingly attributed to the production ofβ-lactamases capable of hydrolyzing carbapenems. Among these enzymes,Klebsiella pneumoniaecarbapenemases (KPCs) are the most frequently and clinically significant class-A carbapenemases. In this report, we describe the first nosocomial KPC-2-producingK. oxytocaisolated from a pediatric patient with pneumonia admitted to the intensive care unit at The Andes University Hospital, Mérida, Venezuela. This strain was resistant to several antibiotics including imipenem, ertapenem, and meropenem but remained susceptible to ciprofloxacin, colistin, and tigecycline. Conjugation assays demonstrated the transferability of all resistance determinants, except aminoglycosides. The isolate LMM-SA26 carried a ~21 kb conjugative plasmid that harbored theblaKPC-2,blaCTX-M-8, andblaTEM-15genes. Although carbapenem resistance in the Enterobacteriaceae is still unusual in Venezuela, KPCs have a great potential to spread due to their localization on mobile genetic elements. Therefore, rapid detection of KPC-carrying bacteria with phenotypic and confirmatory molecular tests is essential to establish therapeutic options and effective control measures.

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