Policy instruments for developing planted forests: Theory and practices in China, the U.S., Brazil, and France

By implementing various forms of preference policies, countries around the world intervene in their economies for their own political and economic purposes. Likewise, twenty-five states in the U.S. have implemented in-state preference policies (NASPO, 2012) to protect and support their own vendors from out-of-state competition to achieve similar purposes. The purpose of this paper is to show the connection between protectionist public policy instruments noted in the international trade literature and the in-state preference policies within the United States. This paper argues that the reasons and the rationales for adopting these preference policies in international trade and the states' contexts are similar. Given the similarity in policy outcomes, the paper further argues that the international trade literature provides an overarching explanation to help understand what states could expect in applying in-state preference policies.

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The Impact of the Canada-U.S. Hog/Pork Trade Dispute on the Composition of U.S. Pork Imports

Agricultural and Resource Economics Review ◽

10.1017/s1068280500007851 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 187-199 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Bruno Larue ◽

Jean-Philippe Gervais

Keyword(s):

Trade Policy ◽

Policy Instruments ◽

Substitution Effects ◽

Product Mix ◽

Index Numbers ◽

Trade Dispute ◽

Quality Upgrading ◽

Countervailing Duties ◽

The Impact ◽

The U.S

Trade theorists have demonstrated that different trade policy instruments have different effects on the quality and source of imports. Countervailing duties (CVDs), like specific tariffs, should induce quality upgrading. However, the magnitude and timing of the quality adjustments are influenced by the credibility of the duties that can be legally contested and modified after annual administrative reviews. Index numbers are used to assess the timing and magnitude of the product mix and country mix substitution effects in U.S. pork imports in response to the U.S. CVDs on Canadian exports of live hogs and fresh, chilled, and frozen pork.

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Welfare Consequences of the Six-Year Presidential Term Evaluated in the Context of a Model of the U.S. Economy

American Political Science Review ◽

10.2307/1956012 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

pp. 75-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Henry W. Chappell ◽

William R. Keech

Keyword(s):

Government Spending ◽

Policy Instruments ◽

Public Welfare ◽

Simulation Experiments ◽

Trade Off ◽

Long Run ◽

Short Run ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

The U.S

We evaluate the six-year presidential term proposal in the context of a model of the U.S. economy characterized by a short-run but not a long-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment. Votes and public welfare are separately conceptualized as functions of inflation and unemployment, which are indirectly controlled by the president through manipulation of government spending.In a series of simulation experiments, the vote-maximizing choice of policy instruments led to less we(fare loss with six- than with four-year terms under most conditions. Ironically, vote maximizing was shown to lead not only to short- and long-term welfare loss, but also to long-run political disadvantage.

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Evolutionary Environmental Policy: An Analysis of the U.S. Air pollution Control Policy

International Area Review ◽

10.1177/223386599700100107 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 102-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yong-Jin Cha

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Pollution Control ◽

Policy Instruments ◽

Control Policy ◽

The United States ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Air Pollution Control ◽

Theoretical Frameworks ◽

And Control ◽

The U.S

The purposes of this study are to examine the nature of air pollution control and available policy instruments in the United States. Focusing on command-and-control (CAC), emission tax, bubble policy and emission offset policy, this study analyzes their theoretical frameworks and limitations. The analysis of this study suggests that the U.S. air pollution control policies have been evolved to deal with economic inefficiencies from the CAC approach. Reforming the pollution policy to market incentive systems could achieve the efficiency of pollution control. Possible policy implications are also discussed.

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Why We Continue to Need Energy Efficiency Programmes—A Critical Review Based on Experiences in Switzerland and Elsewhere

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14061742 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1742

Author(s):

Martin K. Patel ◽

Jean-Sébastien Broc ◽

Haein Cho ◽

Daniel Cabrera ◽

Armin Eberle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Performance Indicator ◽

Low Cost ◽

Policy Instruments ◽

Energy Transition ◽

Spillover Effects ◽

Additional Energy ◽

Programme Cost ◽

Energy Efficiency Improvement ◽

The U.S

Energy efficiency programmes (EEPs) are schemes operated by utilities or other bodies in order to incentivize energy efficiency improvement, in particular by adoption of energy-efficient products and typically by means of an economic reward. Ample experience has been gained, especially in the U.S., where EEPs have been in use for decades, with the rationale of avoiding additional energy supply by improving energy efficiency. More recently, EEPs have been implemented in Europe and in Switzerland. This review paper presents insights from the U.S., the EU and especially from Switzerland, with a focus on levelised programme cost of saved energy (LPC) as a key performance indicator. These LPC values, which take the perspective of the programme operator, are typically low to very low compared to the cost of electricity supply, thereby representing an important argument in favour of their use. The country examples show that EEPs are being effectively and successfully put into practice, for example, in Switzerland both as (i) a national tender-based scheme (called ProKilowatt) and in the form of a (ii) utility-operated obligation-based scheme (in Geneva). EEPs not only call for diligent implementation but also for suitable legal settings, e.g., in the form of mandatory energy efficiency savings targets (as realised for energy efficiency obligations, EEOs) in combination with programme cost recovery. The main criticism of EEPs is the free-rider effect, which needs to be minimised. On the other hand, EEPs are accompanied by significant co-benefits (environmental, health-related and social) and spillover effects. In their currently prevalent form, EEPs allow one to effectively save energy at a (very) low cost (“low-hanging fruit”). They can hence play an important role in fostering the energy transition; however, they should be implemented as part of a policy portfolio, in combination with other policy instruments.

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Foreign Policy Instruments and Factors for Policy Change: Japan’s Security ‘Normalisation’ Reconsidered

Asian Journal of Social Science ◽

10.1163/156853110x490944 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 279-306 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Elena Atanassova-Cornelis

Keyword(s):

Foreign Policy ◽

Cold War ◽

Policy Instruments ◽

Regional Security ◽

Post Cold War ◽

Economic Diplomacy ◽

Security Environment ◽

Strategic Policy ◽

Policy Shift ◽

The U.S

AbstractThis article addresses the question of Japan’s security ‘normalisation’ by examining from realist and liberal perspectives the foreign policy tools Japan has used to redefine its engagement with the outside world in the post-Cold War period. It also analyses the international and domestic factors, which have underpinned that redefinition. The article argues that while Japan is more willing to consider seemingly realist foreign policy instruments, namely by strengthening its defence posture and alliance with the U.S., Japan’s so-called ‘normalisation’ does not represent a strategic policy shift towards realism. Rather, it should be seen as a mature response to the changed regional security environment in East Asia, as well as a ‘product’ of particular domestic political dynamics in Japan, especially the emergence of conservative Koizumi-like politicians. Japan’s main foreign policy approach — most recently represented by Fukuda’s diplomacy — remains largely a liberal one and stresses the promotion of multilateralism, peaceful cooperation and economic diplomacy.

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Beyond Legalism? Policy Ideas, Implementation Styles and Emulation-Based Convergence in Canadian and U.S. Environmental Policy

Journal of Public Policy ◽

10.1017/s0143814x00000866 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 305-329 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

MICHAEL HOWLETT

Keyword(s):

Environmental Policy ◽

Public Management ◽

Policy Making ◽

New Public Management ◽

Self Regulation ◽

Policy Instruments ◽

Regulatory System ◽

Citizen Suits ◽

Multi Stakeholder ◽

The U.S

Past studies of the dynamics of U.S.-Canada environmental policy and policy-making have found little evidence of ‘weak’ convergence in this sector; that is, of Canadian policy moving towards the U.S. model of adversarial legalism, an implementation style based upon procedural policy instruments such as action-forcing statutes, citizen suits, and judicial activism. However, recent efforts at de-regulation and the reformation of government in the U.S., and moves towards multi-stakeholder policy-making in Canada, have altered the standard against which trends towards Canadian^ American convergence must be assessed. These reforms have moved the U.S. environmental regulatory system closer to that existing in Canada, in which regulations and other elements of the environmental regime are developed through negotiation rather than litigation. Since Canadian environmental implementation has also been altered over the same period, however, it is argued that a form of ‘strong’ convergence is emerging, in which both countries are moving not towards each other but towards a third, common, style, that associated with the development of self-regulation and voluntary initiatives under the influence of New Public Management ideas and principles.

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