Metabolite profiling identified pipecolic acid as an important component of peanut seed resistance against Aspergillus flavus infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 404 ◽  
pp. 124155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Sharma ◽  
Babita Choudhary ◽  
Sonam Yadav ◽  
Avinash Mishra ◽  
Vinod K. Mishra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Metabolite Profiling ◽  
Pipecolic Acid ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Seed Resistance

scholarly journals Seed Tolerance in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) to Members of the Aspergillus flavus Group of Fungi1

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Bartz ◽  
A. J. Norden ◽  
J. C. LaPrade ◽  
T. J. DeMuynk
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Test Fungus ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus Group ◽  
Apparent Susceptibility

Abstract An assay of cured, hand-shelled seeds of various peanut genotypes for tolerance to members of the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi has been performed in Florida for the years 1971–1974. The assay involved exposing peanut seed at 20–30% moisture to conidia of A. parasiticus or A. flavus in petri plates and incubating at 25 C. After 1 week, the percentage of the seeds with sporulating colonies of the test fungus was determined. Typically, individual lines or cultivars were evaluated on the basis of the average of three plates. However, second or third assays of the same seed lots were done on 45 occasions during the 4 year period. More than 95% of these repeated assays yielded data similar to those from the original assay. However, different seed lots of the same line also were assayed and did not always yield similar results unless the dates of digging, methods of curing and location of the plantings were the same. Some shifts in susceptibility were quite extreme. One lot of stackpole cured ‘Altika’ resulted in 12% colonized seeds in the assay but 77% of a windrow-cured seed lot, dug on the same day from the same plot had colonies of the test fungi. No particular change in the harvesting procedure was consistently associated with increases or decreases in apparent susceptibility. Based on tests of all seed lots of 15 commonly grown cultivars during the years 1971–1974. ‘Florunner’ was the most tolerant cultivar and ‘Tifspan’ was the most susceptible.

Soil-Borne Pests of Peanut in Growers' Fields with Different Cropping Histories in Alabama1

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Bowen ◽  
A. K. Hagan ◽  
J. R. Weeks
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Aflatoxigenic Fungi ◽  
Peanut Production ◽  
Seed Invasion

Abstract Pest levels and yields of peanut were monitored in growers' fields in 1991 through 1993. Yields ranged from 2085 to 6440 kg/ha and averaged 3947 kg/ha over the 3 yr. Incidence of southern stem rot (SSR) (caused by Sclerotium rolfsii) averaged 7.6 foci (up to 30 cm in length) per 30.5 m row and ranged from 0 to 31.0 foci. Peanut yield tended to be inversely related to incidence of SSR and directly related to the number of years between peanut crops. Incidence of SSR was inversely related to number of years between peanut crops and was consistently greater in fields cropped to peanut every other year compared to other fields with less intensive peanut production. Yields obtained from irrigated fields averaged 11.4% greater than those without irrigation. Leaf spot control programs used by growers provided consistent levels of control. Peanut seed invasion by aflatoxigenic fungi and plant damage by larvae of the lesser cornstalk borer (Elasmopalus lignosellus) generally were low. Seed invasion by Aspergillus flavus-type fungi was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with damage due to lesser cornstalk borer in 1993. Juvenile populations of root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) were positively correlated (P < 0.001) with incidence of SSR in 1992.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PERLAKUAN SORTASI, NATRIUM HIPOKLORIT DAN FUNGISIDA PADA KACANG TANAH UNTUK MENGELIMINASI KONTAMINASI ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-65
Author(s):  
Sholeh Avivi
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Combination Treatment ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Minimum Amount ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Tropical Condition ◽  
Fungicide Treatment ◽  
Aspergillus Infection ◽  
Post Harvest

The Effect of Sorting, Sodium hypochloride (NaClO), and Fungicide Treatment on Peanut  in Elimination  the  Aspergillus flavus Contamination.  The humid tropical condition of Indonesia, the post harvest treatment, and the storage practices favour rapid growth and wide spread Aspergillus infestation on peanut. The objectives of this research was to find the best technique in controlling the Aspergillus infection on peanut.  To achieve those objectives, complete randomised design in factorial with three factors was applied.  The factors were grading and colour sorting (A1 = grading and colour sorting;  A2 = without grading and colour sorting), NaClO blanching (B1 = without blanching; B2 = 1.25% NaClO blanching; B3=2.5% NaClO blanching), and Benlate T-20 WP treatment (C1 = 2,5 g/L; C2 = 3 g/L;  C3 = 3,5 g/L).  The result showed that the best combination treatment was A2B2C3 with the minimum amount of spore on peanut seed.  With those combination treatment we concluded that the grading and colour sorting, the 1.25% NaClO blanching, and the application of 3,5 g/L Benlate T-20 WP could reduced the Aspergillus contamination up to 80% compare with A1B1C3 treatment.

Relationship between soil densities ofAspergillusspecies and colonization of wounded peanut seeds

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 951-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce W Horn
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Aspergillus Species ◽  
Soil Density ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Wound Site ◽  
Seed Colonization ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fungal Competition

Soil is a reservoir for Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, fungi that commonly colonize peanut seeds and produce carcinogenic aflatoxins. Densities of these fungi in soil vary greatly among fields and may influence the severity of peanut infection. This study examined the relationship between soil density of Aspergillus species and the incidence of peanut seed colonization under laboratory conditions. Viable peanut seeds were wounded and inoculated with 20 soils differing in composition and density of Aspergillus species and were then incubated for 14 days at 37 °C (seed water activity = 0.92). The effect of soil density of individual section Flavi species (A. flavus strains L and S, A. parasiticus, A. caelatus, and A. tamarii), section Nigri, and A. terreus on the incidence of seed colonization was best expressed as a function of exponential rise to maximum. Exponential curves often rose to maximum percentages of seed colonization by section Flavi species that were well below 100% despite high species densities in some soils. Competition primarily among section Flavi species may explain the reduced incidences of seed colonization. An average of two or fewer propagules of each Aspergillus species in the soil at the wound site was required for colonization of 20% of peanut seeds. Other fungal species were capable of invading peanut seeds only when soil densities of sections Flavi and Nigri species were low.Key words: aflatoxin, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus parasiticus, fungal competition.

scholarly journals Effects of Genotype and Date of Harvest on Infection of Peanut Seed by Aspergillus flavus and Subsequent Contamination with Aflatoxin1

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. Mehan ◽  
D. McDonald ◽  
N. Ramakrishna ◽  
J. H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Aflatoxin Content ◽  
Peanut Crop ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Abstract Several peanut genotypes reported as resistant, susceptible or highly susceptible to in vitro colonization of rehydrated, mature, stored, undamaged seed by Aspergillus flavus (IVSCAF) were tested for natural seed infection by A. flavus and other fungi in two or more replicated field trials at ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India, in 1979–1984. Undamaged pods were sampled before maturity, at optimum maturity (normal harvest) and when over - mature (late harvest) and seed examined for infection by A. flavus and other fungi. In the 1983 and 1984 rainy and 1983/84 postrainy seasons, only four genotypes (one resistant and three susceptible) were tested, and seed were also tested for aflatoxin content. In all seasons the genotypes reported as IVSCAF - resistant had significantly lower levels of seed infection with A. flavus and other fungi than did genotypes reported as IVSCAF - susceptible. Cenotypic differences in levels of seed infection by A. flavus were consistent over seasons. The resistant cultivar J11 had a significantly lower aflatoxin content than the other three IVSCAF - susceptible genotypes tested in the 1983–1984 seasons. Drought stress in the 1984 season apparently increased susceptibility to seed infection by A. flavus and other fungi, and to aflatoxin contamination, in all cultivars. Seed infection by A. flavus and other fungi, and aflatoxin contamination increased with increasing maturity of pods, indicating the importance of lifting the peanut crop at optimum maturity.

scholarly journals Transcriptome and proteome analyses of resistant preharvest peanut seed coat in response to Aspergillus flavus infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 82-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaobo Zhao ◽  
Chunjuan Li ◽  
Caixia Yan ◽  
Juan Wang ◽  
Cuiling Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Peanut Seed

scholarly journals An Alternate Fractionation of Peanut Seed Proteins in Association with Inhibitory Assay on Aspergillus flavus

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waraluk Senakoon ◽  
Suporn Nuchadomrong ◽  
Gulsiri Senawong ◽  
Sanun Jogloy ◽  
Patcharin Songsri
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Seed Proteins ◽  
Peanut Seed

scholarly journals Association of Mycotoxin and Sclerotia Production with Compatibility Groups in Aspergillus flavus from Peanut in Argentina

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Victoria Novas ◽  
Daniel Cabral
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Cyclopiazonic Acid ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility Groups ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Comparative Group

Vegetative compatibility (VC) of Aspergillus flavus isolates from peanut seed was studied to evaluate preliminary diversity and its association with mycotoxin production and sclerotia production and number. A. parasiticus isolates also were included as a comparative group. Isolates were divided into five categories based on mycotoxin production combination. Five of the A. flavus isolates were considered atypical because they simultaneously produced aflatoxins B, G, and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). Vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) were determined through complementation tests between nitrate-nonutilizing mutants. Sclerotia diameters and the number of sclerotia produced per square centimeter were determined for each isolate. Out of 32 isolates of A. flavus, 25 combined in 13 VCGs, whereas the remaining could not be assigned to any particular group. Each VCG included isolates of the same mycotoxin category, with only one exception. Also, all isolates within the same VCG were characterized by their ability to produce or not produce sclerotia. Isolates between VCGs showed significant differences in number of sclerotia per square centimeter, but differences in sclerotia size were not evident. Atypical isolates simultaneously producing aflatoxins B, G, and CPA formed a single and exclusive VCG.

scholarly journals β-1,3-Glucanase Activity in Peanut Seed (Arachis hypogaea) is Induced by Inoculation with Aspergillus flavus and Copurifies with a Conglutin-Like Protein

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 506-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Q. Liang ◽  
C. C. Holbrook ◽  
R. E. Lynch ◽  
B. Z. Guo
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Glucanase Activity ◽  
Infected Seed ◽  
Major Protein Band ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

Infection of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seed by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus is a serious problem that can result in aflatoxin contamination in the seed. Breeding resistant cultivars would be an effective approach to reduce aflatoxin accumulation. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of the pathogenesis-related (PR) protein β-1,3-glucanase and the isoform patterns in peanut seed inoculated with A. flavus. Peanut genotypes GT-YY9 and GT-YY20 (both resistant to A. flavus infection) and Georgia Green and A100 (both susceptible to A. flavus infection) were used in this study. The activities of β-1,3-glucanase were similar in the uninfected seed of all genotypes, but increased significantly in the resistant genotypes after inoculation in comparison with the susceptible genotypes. An in-gel (native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [PAGE]) enzymatic activity assay of β-1,3-glucanase revealed that there were more protein bands corresponding to β-1,3-glucanase isoforms in the infected seed of resistant genotypes than in the infected seed of susceptible genotypes. Both acidic and basic β-1,3-glucanase isoforms were detected in the isoelectric focusing gels. Thin-layer chromatography analysis of the hydrolytic products from the reaction mixtures of the substrate with the total protein extract or individual band of native PAGE revealed the presence of enzymatic hydrolytic oligomer products. The individual bands corresponding to the bands of β-1,3-glucanase isoforms Glu 1 to 5 were separated on the sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE, resulting in two bands of 10 and 13 kDa, respectively. The sequences of fragments of the 13-kDa major protein band showed a high degree of homology to conglutin, a storage protein in peanut seed. Conglutin is reported as a peanut allergen, Ara h2. Our data provide the first evidences for peanut having β-1,3-glucanase activities and the association with the resistance to A. flavus colonization in peanut seed. We have not directly demonstrated that conglutin has β-1,3-glucanase activity.

scholarly journals Employing Peanut Seed Coat Cell Wall Mediated Resistance Against Aspergillus flavus Infection and Aflatoxin Contamination

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chrstopher J. Cobos ◽  
Theophilus K. Tengey ◽  
Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian ◽  
Lindsay D. Williams ◽  
Hari Kishan Sudini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Hepatic Necrosis ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Pathogen Infection ◽  
Polyphenol Compounds ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinomas

Aflatoxins, which have been classified as a group-1 carcinogen are the well-known mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus. Aflatoxins have been linked to liver diseases, acute hepatic necrosis, resulting in cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinomas due to which it incurs a loss of value in international trade for peanuts contaminated with it. The four main aflatoxins are B1, B2, G1, and G2 of which B1 is predominant. In plants, the cell wall is the primary barrier against pathogen invasion. Cell wall fortifications such as deposition of callose, cellulose, lignin, phenolic compounds and structural proteins help to prevent the pathogen infection. Further, the host cell’s ability to rapidly repair and reinforce its cell walls will result in a reduction of the penetration efficiency of the pathogen. Peanut seed coat acts as a physical and biochemical cell wall barrier against both pre and post-harvest pathogen infection. The structure of seed coat and the presence of polyphenol compounds have been reported to inhibit the growth of A. flavus, however, not successfully employed to develop A. flavus resistance in peanut. A comprehensive understanding of peanut seed coat development and biochemistry will provide information to design efficient strategies for the seed coat mediated A. flavus resistance and Aflatoxin contamination.

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