scholarly journals PENGARUH PERLAKUAN SORTASI, NATRIUM HIPOKLORIT DAN FUNGISIDA PADA KACANG TANAH UNTUK MENGELIMINASI KONTAMINASI ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-65
Author(s):  
Sholeh Avivi
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Combination Treatment ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Minimum Amount ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Tropical Condition ◽  
Fungicide Treatment ◽  
Aspergillus Infection ◽  
Post Harvest

The Effect of Sorting, Sodium hypochloride (NaClO), and Fungicide Treatment on Peanut  in Elimination  the  Aspergillus flavus Contamination.  The humid tropical condition of Indonesia, the post harvest treatment, and the storage practices favour rapid growth and wide spread Aspergillus infestation on peanut. The objectives of this research was to find the best technique in controlling the Aspergillus infection on peanut.  To achieve those objectives, complete randomised design in factorial with three factors was applied.  The factors were grading and colour sorting (A1 = grading and colour sorting;  A2 = without grading and colour sorting), NaClO blanching (B1 = without blanching; B2 = 1.25% NaClO blanching; B3=2.5% NaClO blanching), and Benlate T-20 WP treatment (C1 = 2,5 g/L; C2 = 3 g/L;  C3 = 3,5 g/L).  The result showed that the best combination treatment was A2B2C3 with the minimum amount of spore on peanut seed.  With those combination treatment we concluded that the grading and colour sorting, the 1.25% NaClO blanching, and the application of 3,5 g/L Benlate T-20 WP could reduced the Aspergillus contamination up to 80% compare with A1B1C3 treatment.

scholarly journals Aspergillus Infection Inhibits the Expression of Peanut 13S-HPODE-Forming Seed Lipoxygenases

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 1081-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios I. Tsitsigiannis ◽  
Susan Kunze ◽  
David K. Willis ◽  
Ivo Feussner ◽  
Nancy P. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Aspergillus Infection ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Susceptibility And Resistance

Oxylipins recently have been implicated as signaling molecules for cross-kingdom communication in plant-pathogen interactions. Linoleic acid and its two plant lipoxygenase (LOX) oxylipin products 9- and 13-hydroperoxy fatty acids (9S- and 13S-HPODE) have been shown to have a significant effect on differentiation processes in the mycotoxigenic seed pathogens Aspergillus spp. Whereas both fatty acids promote sporulation, 9S-HPODE stimulates and 13S-HPODE inhibits mycotoxin production. Additionally, Aspergillus flavus infection of seed promotes linoleate 9-LOX expression and 9S-HPODE accumulation. Here, we describe the characterization of two peanut seed lipoxygenase alleles (PnLOX2 and PnLOX3) highly expressed in mature seed. PnLOX2 and PnLOX3 both are 13S-HPODE producers (linoleate 13-LOX) and, in contrast to previously characterized 9-LOX or mixed function LOX genes, are repressed between 5-fold and 250-fold over the course of A. flavus infection. The results of these studies suggest that 9SHPODE and 13S-HPODE molecules act as putative susceptibility and resistance factors respectively, in Aspergillus seed-aflatoxin interactions.

scholarly journals Seed Tolerance in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) to Members of the Aspergillus flavus Group of Fungi1

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Bartz ◽  
A. J. Norden ◽  
J. C. LaPrade ◽  
T. J. DeMuynk
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Test Fungus ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus Group ◽  
Apparent Susceptibility

Abstract An assay of cured, hand-shelled seeds of various peanut genotypes for tolerance to members of the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi has been performed in Florida for the years 1971–1974. The assay involved exposing peanut seed at 20–30% moisture to conidia of A. parasiticus or A. flavus in petri plates and incubating at 25 C. After 1 week, the percentage of the seeds with sporulating colonies of the test fungus was determined. Typically, individual lines or cultivars were evaluated on the basis of the average of three plates. However, second or third assays of the same seed lots were done on 45 occasions during the 4 year period. More than 95% of these repeated assays yielded data similar to those from the original assay. However, different seed lots of the same line also were assayed and did not always yield similar results unless the dates of digging, methods of curing and location of the plantings were the same. Some shifts in susceptibility were quite extreme. One lot of stackpole cured ‘Altika’ resulted in 12% colonized seeds in the assay but 77% of a windrow-cured seed lot, dug on the same day from the same plot had colonies of the test fungi. No particular change in the harvesting procedure was consistently associated with increases or decreases in apparent susceptibility. Based on tests of all seed lots of 15 commonly grown cultivars during the years 1971–1974. ‘Florunner’ was the most tolerant cultivar and ‘Tifspan’ was the most susceptible.

Soil-Borne Pests of Peanut in Growers' Fields with Different Cropping Histories in Alabama1

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Bowen ◽  
A. K. Hagan ◽  
J. R. Weeks
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Aflatoxigenic Fungi ◽  
Peanut Production ◽  
Seed Invasion

Abstract Pest levels and yields of peanut were monitored in growers' fields in 1991 through 1993. Yields ranged from 2085 to 6440 kg/ha and averaged 3947 kg/ha over the 3 yr. Incidence of southern stem rot (SSR) (caused by Sclerotium rolfsii) averaged 7.6 foci (up to 30 cm in length) per 30.5 m row and ranged from 0 to 31.0 foci. Peanut yield tended to be inversely related to incidence of SSR and directly related to the number of years between peanut crops. Incidence of SSR was inversely related to number of years between peanut crops and was consistently greater in fields cropped to peanut every other year compared to other fields with less intensive peanut production. Yields obtained from irrigated fields averaged 11.4% greater than those without irrigation. Leaf spot control programs used by growers provided consistent levels of control. Peanut seed invasion by aflatoxigenic fungi and plant damage by larvae of the lesser cornstalk borer (Elasmopalus lignosellus) generally were low. Seed invasion by Aspergillus flavus-type fungi was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with damage due to lesser cornstalk borer in 1993. Juvenile populations of root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) were positively correlated (P < 0.001) with incidence of SSR in 1992.

scholarly journals BIBLICAL CHRISTIAN WORLDVIEW ON POST-HARVEST PATHOGENIC FUNGI IN THE TRADITIONAL MARKET CORN SEEDS

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Grace Purnamasari Christian ◽  
Wahyu Irawati
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
And Function

<p>The post-harvest fungi is one of the greatest cause of various diseases. Particularly, in fungus that infects seeds, the toxic substance called aflatoxin is found. This has caused us to wonder: Has fungi been pathogenic fungi since the beginning of creation? The purpose of this research is to study: 1) The Place of Fungi in God’s Original Creation and the Origin of Pathogenic Fungi, 2) Characterization of post-harvest fungus on corn seeds, 3) Aspergillus sp.’s Structure as Proof of God’s Wonderful Original Creation and Providence, and 4) The factors that contribute to the growth of fungi in post-harvest corn seeds and our responsibility. We conclude that in the beginning, fungi were a part of God’s originally good and perfect creation. These fungi were created by God with the structure and function to support its operation in fulfilling God’s creative purpose. The complex structure of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus that infected the corn seeds showed God’s providence after the Fall. Pathogenic fungi were the result of the Fall of man into sin. Their growth is caused by the failure to give proper care to the crops. But this should not discourage us since the Bible tells us that God is continually working to restore His creation. Therefore, we are called to be stewards of His creation, to develop and preserve whatever is entrusted in our hands, including the crops for God’s glory and under His authority until He has fully renewed and restored everything.</p><p><strong>BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRACT:</strong> Jamur pasca panen merupakan salah satu penyebab terbesar timbulnya berbagai penyakit, khususnya disebabkan oleh jamur yang menginfeksi biji-bijian dan menghasilkan substansi beracun disebut dengan aflatoksin. Keadaan ini menimbulkan pertanyaan apakah jamur patogenik ada sejak awal penciptaan? Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari: 1) Posisi jamur patogenik di awal penciptaan dan asal mula jamur patogenik, 2) karakteristik jamur pasca panen pada biji jagung, 3) struktur <em>Aspergillus</em> sp sebagai bukti dari providensi Allah akan ciptaanNya yang sangat luar biasa, 4) faktor-faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap pertumbuhan jamur pasca panen biji jagung dan Tanggung jawab kita. Dari hasil penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa pada mulanya, jamur merupakan bagian ciptaan Allah yang sungguh amat baik dan sempurna. Struktur yang kompleks dari <em>Aspergillus niger</em> dan <em>Aspergillus flavus </em>yang menginfeksi biji jagung menunjukkan providensi Allah setelah kejatuhan dosa. Pertumbuhan jamur patogenik merupakan gambaran kejatuhan manusia ke dalam dosa yaitu kegagalan manusia untuk memberikan pemeliharaan yang memadahi pada biji-bijian pasca panen. Namun demikian, keadaan ini tidak mematahkan semangat kita karena Alkitab mengatakan bahwa Allah masih terus bekerja untuk memulihkan ciptaanNya. Oleh karena itu, diharapkan kita semua menjadi pelayan atas ciptaanNya untuk mengembangkan dan menjaga apa yang dipercayakan kepada kita di bawah otoritasNya termasuk biji-bijian untuk memuliakan Allah hingga Dia secara penuh memperbaharui dan memulihkan segala sesuatu</p>

scholarly journals Sports Promotion in the Western Canadian City: The Example of Early Edmonton

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Betke
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Minimum Amount ◽  
Canadian City ◽  
Young Men's Christian Association ◽  
Sports News ◽  
News Services

Edmonton's rapid growth in the early 1900s was accompanied by an equally rapid growth in both professional and amateur sports. This paper explores the objectives of the city's sports promoter. In the main, Edmonton's boosters implemented recreation and entertainment plans similar to ones established elsewhere by agencies such as the Young Men's Christian Association, the American National Baseball Commission and international sports news services. These programmes, neither distinctive nor unusually exploitative, were put in place by local entrepreneurs with a minimum amount of contention.

Relationship between soil densities ofAspergillusspecies and colonization of wounded peanut seeds

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 951-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce W Horn
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Aspergillus Species ◽  
Soil Density ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Wound Site ◽  
Seed Colonization ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fungal Competition

Soil is a reservoir for Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, fungi that commonly colonize peanut seeds and produce carcinogenic aflatoxins. Densities of these fungi in soil vary greatly among fields and may influence the severity of peanut infection. This study examined the relationship between soil density of Aspergillus species and the incidence of peanut seed colonization under laboratory conditions. Viable peanut seeds were wounded and inoculated with 20 soils differing in composition and density of Aspergillus species and were then incubated for 14 days at 37 °C (seed water activity = 0.92). The effect of soil density of individual section Flavi species (A. flavus strains L and S, A. parasiticus, A. caelatus, and A. tamarii), section Nigri, and A. terreus on the incidence of seed colonization was best expressed as a function of exponential rise to maximum. Exponential curves often rose to maximum percentages of seed colonization by section Flavi species that were well below 100% despite high species densities in some soils. Competition primarily among section Flavi species may explain the reduced incidences of seed colonization. An average of two or fewer propagules of each Aspergillus species in the soil at the wound site was required for colonization of 20% of peanut seeds. Other fungal species were capable of invading peanut seeds only when soil densities of sections Flavi and Nigri species were low.Key words: aflatoxin, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus parasiticus, fungal competition.

Comparison of Yield, Value, and Seed Quality Factors of Florunner and Southern Runner Peanut1

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
J. C. Jacobi ◽  
P. A. Backman
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cercospora Arachidicola ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Fungicide Treatment ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Yield Value ◽  
Total Crop

Abstract Florunner and Southern Runner peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars were evaluated for yield, market grade and seed infections by Aspergillus spp. following treatment with fungicide programs for control of peanut leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Deighton) in field trials during 1989 and 1991. The fungicide treatments were: 1) nonsprayed control; 2) chlorothalonil 1.26 kg a.i./ha (seven total applications); 3) the same as treatment no. two except tebuconazole 0.25 kg a.i./ha was substituted for chlorothalonil at applications three and five in 1989; and 4) the same as treatment no. three except cyproconazole 0.23 kg a.i./ha, was used instead of tebuconazole in 1991. Yield, grade ($/m.t.), and total crop value ($/ha) were higher for both cultivars when treated with chlorothalonil and either tebuconazole or cyproconazole than when chlorothalonil was used alone. Southern Runner had significantly lower percent damaged kernels (DK) than Florunner. In addition, Florunner peanuts treated with either tebuconazole or cyproconazole had significantly reduced DK when compared to chlorothalonil alone. Other market grade factors were not significantly different (P&lt;0.05) between cultivars when each was harvested at optimum maturity. Major colonizers of damaged kernels were Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., and Rhizoctonia spp. Fungicide treatment and cultivar effects on kernel colonization by Aspergillus flavus Link: Fr. varied between environments. Southern Runner had higher levels of A. flavus contamination in the undamaged kernels than Florunner in 1991, but not in 1989. Possible increased incidence of infection and colonization by A. flavus in Southern Runner require further study.

scholarly journals Effects of Genotype and Date of Harvest on Infection of Peanut Seed by Aspergillus flavus and Subsequent Contamination with Aflatoxin1

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. Mehan ◽  
D. McDonald ◽  
N. Ramakrishna ◽  
J. H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Aflatoxin Content ◽  
Peanut Crop ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Abstract Several peanut genotypes reported as resistant, susceptible or highly susceptible to in vitro colonization of rehydrated, mature, stored, undamaged seed by Aspergillus flavus (IVSCAF) were tested for natural seed infection by A. flavus and other fungi in two or more replicated field trials at ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India, in 1979–1984. Undamaged pods were sampled before maturity, at optimum maturity (normal harvest) and when over - mature (late harvest) and seed examined for infection by A. flavus and other fungi. In the 1983 and 1984 rainy and 1983/84 postrainy seasons, only four genotypes (one resistant and three susceptible) were tested, and seed were also tested for aflatoxin content. In all seasons the genotypes reported as IVSCAF - resistant had significantly lower levels of seed infection with A. flavus and other fungi than did genotypes reported as IVSCAF - susceptible. Cenotypic differences in levels of seed infection by A. flavus were consistent over seasons. The resistant cultivar J11 had a significantly lower aflatoxin content than the other three IVSCAF - susceptible genotypes tested in the 1983–1984 seasons. Drought stress in the 1984 season apparently increased susceptibility to seed infection by A. flavus and other fungi, and to aflatoxin contamination, in all cultivars. Seed infection by A. flavus and other fungi, and aflatoxin contamination increased with increasing maturity of pods, indicating the importance of lifting the peanut crop at optimum maturity.

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