Improving the Activity and Stability of Turtle Shell-derived Catalyst in Alcoholysis of Degraded Vegetable Oil: An Experimental Design Approach

Abstract A commercial field of staked eggplant was used ap-proximately 45 days after transplanting for this trial in the Culican Valley of Sinaloa, Mexico. The field was 100 m wide and approximately 2 km in length, located between 2 fields of corn. The crop had recently been sprayed with endosulfan (Thiodan®). Consequently, relatively few adult whiteflies could be observed although the presence of eggs and young nymphs indicated the likelihood of increasing infestation, and no further applications were made by the grower for the duration of the trial. Experimental design was completely randomized block with 5 treatments and 4 replicates. Beds were 100 m in length running north and south with 1.5 m between centers and 2 rows per bed. Plots were 4 beds wide and 15 m long with 1.5 m between plots (90m2). Three weekly applications were made beginning on 12 Feb with 2 Maruyama™ motorized backpack sprayers equipped with a hand-held boom carrying 2 bronze T-Jet™ D2 hollow cone nozzles containing #45 spinner plates. Each bed was sprayed from both sides with 5 liters per replicate of each treatment, delivering a volume of 60.5 gpa. Each plot was sampled for whitefly adults and immature stages prior to application. A beat pan made of an aluminum cake pan 22.5cm X 32.5 cm painted black and covered with a film of vegetable oil and liquid detergent (9:1) was used to sample adults. Three samples were taken in each plot by beating the pan 10 times against the foliage in the middle 2 rows and counting the whiteflies trapped in the oil mixture. Immatures were sampled by counting all whitefly eggs, small nymphs, large nymphs, and pupae in 4 lensfields of 1.77 cm2 per leaf (3 leaves per plot). Additional samples were taken 3 days after each successive treatment. Small nymphs, large nymphs, and pupae were combined as “immatures” for analysis.

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Exploring bio-parametric solution-based design process for an ephemeral pavilion

Gestão & Tecnologia de Projetos ◽

10.11606/gtp.v17i1.183658 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 65-79

Author(s):

Elton Cristovão da Silva Lima ◽

Cristina Matsunaga ◽

Leticia Teixeira Mendes

Keyword(s):

Experimental Design ◽

Design Process ◽

Parametric Design ◽

Anatomical Study ◽

Parametric Model ◽

Design Approach ◽

Sartorius Muscle ◽

Parametric Solution ◽

Medial Rotation ◽

Lateral Rotation

This research proposes an experimental design approach to design an ephemeral pavilion located at the Serpentine Gallery in London. The Serpentine Pavilions Programme functions as an experimentation laboratory and, at the same time, public and event spaces, enabling architects to expose their projects and work methodologies. Thus, the methods of Biomimicry and Parametric Design were combined to develop the pavilion. While the first one was used to create an ephemeral pavilion based on the Sartorius muscle, the second was responsible for generating the parametric model from a fast and intuitive manipulation code capable of exploring shape variations. This work explores the solution-based method approached by Badarnah (2012) based on a predefined problem (the pavilion project) and only after that seek some natural inspiration. Firstly, it was investigated the anatomy of the Sartorius muscle. Subsequently, with the domain of the solution, the parametric insertion of the shape was computationally performed. The anatomical study of the sartorius muscle revealed functions such as flexion, abduction, lateral rotation of the thigh, and medial rotation of the knee. Thus, the architectural choices reflect both its narrow and elongated morphology of the muscle and flexibility and rotation aspects. The pavilion also considered the previous Serpentine Pavilions regarding attributes such as area, height, and materials, which with other parameters may be changed using the code implemented in Grasshopper.

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