A novel technique of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy – aPDT using 1,9-dimethyl-methylene blue zinc chloride double salt-DMMB and polarized light on Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract Introduction: Considering its potential as an alternative therapy to combat multiresistant bacteria, photodynamic therapy has been improved and better studied in recent years, and determining its optimized application patterns is important. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the action of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy mediated by methylene blue in the absence of preincubation of infectious agents in the photosensitizer. Method: Standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used, which was or was not submitted to two methylene blue concentrations (0.1 μg/mL and 500 mg/mL) applied alone or in combination with a variety of red laser emission parameters (660 nm); in both cases, the streak was performed immediately after mixing between the photosensitizer and the solution containing the bacteria. Results: In the dishes with only methylene blue application neither antibacterial was produced, nor inhibition at the application points of the photodynamic therapy in the case of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, in the cultures of Staphylococcus aureus in which laser emission was associated with the concentration of 500 mg/mL of the photosensitizer, inhibition was present at the laser application points. Conclusion: The time of exposure to the photosensitizer prior to the application of phototherapy seems to be an essential factor for the optimized action of photodynamic therapy, especially in the case of Gram-negative bacteria.

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Efficiency of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy with Photodithazine® on MSSA and MRSA Strains

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10070869 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 869

Author(s):

Beatriz Müller Nunes Souza ◽

Juliana Guerra Pinto ◽

André Henrique Correia Pereira ◽

Alejandro Guillermo Miñán ◽

Juliana Ferreira-Strixino

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Bacterial Inactivation ◽

Bacterial Reduction ◽

Complete Inactivation ◽

Opportunistic Bacteria ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Mrsa Strains

Staphylococccus aureus is a ubiquitous and opportunistic bacteria associated with high mortality rates. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is based on the application of a light source and a photosensitizer that can interact with molecular oxygen, forming Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that result in bacterial inactivation. This study aimed to analyze, in vitro, the action of aPDT with Photodithazine® (PDZ) in methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. The strains were incubated with PDZ at 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/L for 15 min and irradiated with fluences of 25, 50, and 100 J/cm2. The internalization of PDZ was evaluated by confocal microscopy, the bacterial growth by counting the number of colony-forming units, as well as the bacterial metabolic activity post-aPDT and the production of ROS. In both strains, the photosensitizer was internalized; the production of ROS increased when the aPDT was applied; there was a bacterial reduction compared to the control at all the evaluated fluences and concentrations; and, in most parameters, it was obtained complete inactivation with significant difference (p < 0.05). The implementation of aPDT with PDZ in clinical strains of S. aureus has resulted in its complete inactivation, including the MRSA strains.

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Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy mediated by methylene blue in surfactant vehicle on periodontopathogens

Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy ◽

10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101784 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 101784

Author(s):

Ana Carolina A.C. Tortamano ◽

Giuliana G. Anselmo ◽

Claudio T. Kassa ◽

Bianca Godoy-Miranda ◽

Christiane Pavani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy

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Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in chronic osteomyelitis induced by Staphylococcus aureus: An in vitro and in vivo study

10.1063/1.4757830 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

João Alves dos Reis Júnior ◽

Patrícia Nascimento de Assis ◽

Garde^nia Matos Paraguassú ◽

Isabele Cardoso Vieira de de Castro ◽

Renan Ferreira Trindade ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Chronic Osteomyelitis ◽

In Vivo Study ◽

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy

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Kinetic investigation of 1,9-dimethyl-methylene blue zinc chloride double salt removal from wastewater using ferrate (VI) and ultraviolet radiation

Journal of King Saud University - Science ◽

10.1016/j.jksus.2018.04.010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 213-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Amirreza Talaiekhozani ◽

Farhad Banisharif ◽

Zeinab Eskandari ◽

Mohammad Reza Talaei ◽

Junboum Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Ultraviolet Radiation ◽

Zinc Chloride ◽

Double Salt ◽

Kinetic Investigation

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Assessment and Characterization of Some New Photosensitizers for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT)

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13133012 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (13) ◽

pp. 3012 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Laura Monica Dascalu (Rusu) ◽

Marioara Moldovan ◽

Doina Prodan ◽

Irina Ciotlaus ◽

Violeta Popescu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Cytotoxic Effect ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Absorption Bands ◽

Oregano Essential Oil ◽

Vis Spectroscopy

The novelty of this study consists on the formulation and evaluation of five complex experimental natural photosensitizers (PS): gel with oregano essential oil (O), gel with methylene blue (AM), gel with a mixture of essential oils (Thieves-H), gel with arnica oil and curcuma extract (CU) and gel with frankincense essential oil (T), used as photosensitizing agents (PS) in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the control of microbial biofilm in oral cavity. The experimental PS were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectroscopy, cytotoxicity assay, antimicrobial effect and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The IR spectra of the experimental PS with essential oils exhibit absorption bands due to the presence of water and glycerol in high quantities. The studied compounds had a reduced cytotoxic effect on cell cultures. The lowest cytotoxic effect was observed in experimental PS with oregano essential oil and methylene blue PS. Essential oils with proven antibacterial capabilities used in experimental PS confer antibacterial activity to the gels in which they are incorporated, an activity that may be more efficient use of a PDT therapy. Single bacteria were detected mainly by SEM after 12 h, while aggregate bacteria and micro colonies dominated the samples at 48 h.

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Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy applied to inactivation of salmonella enterica and staphylococcus aureus

Optical Interactions with Tissue and Cells XXX ◽

10.1117/12.2508072 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Cintia Teles de Andrade ◽

Ranniele Luíza V. Silva ◽

Ialy Aparecida A. Moura ◽

Juliana O. Moraes

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus

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Photodynamic therapy using methylene blue, combined or not with gentamicin, against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy ◽

10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101810 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 101810

Author(s):

Vanesa Pérez-Laguna ◽

Isabel García-Luque ◽

Sofía Ballesta ◽

Luna Pérez-Artiaga ◽

Verónica Lampaya-Pérez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methylene Blue ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Photodynamic Therapy

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Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Control of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Transmission by Kiwifruit Pollen

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8071022 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 1022

Author(s):

Margarida M. Lopes ◽

Maria Bartolomeu ◽

Ana T. P. C. Gomes ◽

Etelvina Figueira ◽

Ricardo Pinto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Pollen Germination ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Irradiation Time ◽

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Bacterial Reduction ◽

Promising Alternative

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is a phytopathogen responsible for bacterial canker in kiwifruit plants and can be disseminated through pollen. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the inactivation of Psa on kiwifruit pollen using New Methylene Blue (NMB) and Methylene Blue (MB) in the presence/absence of potassium iodide (KI). Pollen germination assays were also performed to evaluate if it was affected by aPDT. Higher reduction of Psa was achieved using NMB (5.0 μM) combined with KI (100 mM) in vitro (ca. 8 log CFU mL−1 after 90 min of irradiation), while NMB alone promoted a lower reduction (3.7 log CFU mL−1). The most efficient NMB concentration with KI was used to study the photodynamic efficiency of MB (5.0 μM). MB with KI photo-inactivated Psa more efficiently than NMB, causing the same bacterial reduction (ca. 8 log CFU mL−1) in half the irradiation time (45 min). Therefore, MB was selected for the subsequent ex vivo aPDT assays in pollen. Almost all the Psa cells added artificially to the pollen (3.2 log CFU mL−1) were photo-inactivated (3.1 log CFU mL−1), whereas aPDT had a low effect on pollen natural microorganisms. When KI was added, a significant increase in aPDT effectiveness was observed (4.5 log CFU mL−1). No negative effects were observed in the pollen germination after aPDT. The results show aPDT is an effective and safe method to Psa inactivation on kiwifruit pollen, and MB use is a promising alternative in the control of Psa transmission.

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