scholarly journals Accounting for Unobservable Preference Heterogeneity and Evaluating Alternative Anchoring Approaches to Estimate Country-Specific EQ-5D-Y Value Sets: A Case Study Using Spanish Preference Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan M. Ramos-Goñi ◽  
Mark Oppe ◽  
Anabel Estévez-Carrillo ◽  
Oliver Rivero-Arias ◽  
Greiner Wolfgang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preference Heterogeneity ◽  
Preference Data ◽  
Value Sets ◽  
Country Specific

Ugandan Context and Description of Sample and Data

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-51
Author(s):  
Sarah Kabay
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Methods Of Analysis ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Country Specific

In any country-specific case study, how a country is perceived will influence how the subject of the case is perceived, as well as its broader relevance. In addition, primary education in many ways reflects the society in which it takes place. For these reasons, it is useful to consider the Ugandan context in order to consider its experience with primary education and its position as a case study. This chapter offers some details and background to help frame the Ugandan context, intending to serve as a brief sketch of the issues that define the population of children served by Uganda’s primary education and the factors that influence and define that education. The chapter also includes a basic description of the sample, data, and methods of analysis used in the empirical analysis throughout the book.

Co-Constructing a Learning Community

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Learning Community ◽  
Community Of Practice ◽  
Occupational Therapists ◽  
Children And Families ◽  
Vulnerable Children ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Common Understanding ◽  
Country Specific

This paper explores the development of professional understanding across a large group of professionals and academics from eight different countries engaged in an international project. The focus of the project was to develop a suite of appropriate electronic tools to support the wide range of professionals (doctors, teachers, care and family workers, psychologists and medical and occupational therapists) who may be involved in working with and providing support for vulnerable children and families, which would be relevant across European countries. This case study explores how effective communication developed between the members of the research group to enable greater common understanding of both cultural and country specific provision, needs, and the underpinning philosophy and principles behind current provision in different countries represented. It explores the role of a ‘learning community’ and a ‘community of practice’ (Lave & Wenger, 1998) in this process as a tool for developing understanding. It provides insights into related issues, and possible future lessons to be learnt.

Why do we Attend Refresher Courses? - A Case Study of Preference Data Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 95-112
Author(s):  
Souvik Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Sugata Sen Roy ◽  
Bhaswati Ganguli
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Preference Data

scholarly journals Cultural Values: Can They Explain Differences in Health Utilities between Countries?

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 605-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bram Roudijk ◽  
A. Rogier T. Donders ◽  
Peep F. M. Stalmeier ◽  
Nan Luo ◽  
Rosalie Viney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Health States ◽  
Health Utilities ◽  
Cultural Variables ◽  
Value Sets ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Country Specific

Introduction. Health utilities are widely used in health care. The distributions of utilities differ between countries; some countries more often report worse than dead health states, while mild states are valued more or less the same. We hypothesize that cultural values explain these country-related utility differences. Research Question. What is the effect of sociodemographic background, methodological factors, and cultural values on differences in health utilities? Methods and Analyses. Time tradeoff data from 28 EQ-5D valuation studies were analyzed, together with their sociodemographic variables. The dependent variable was [Formula: see text], the utility difference between mild and severe states. Country-specific cultural variables were taken from the World Values Survey. Multilevel models were used to analyze the effect of sociodemographic background, methodology (3L v. 5L), and cultural values on [Formula: see text]. Intraclass correlation (ICC) for country variation was used to assess the impact of the predicting variables on the variation between countries. Results. Substantial variation in [Formula: see text] was found between countries. Adding cultural values did not reduce ICCs for country variation. Sociodemographic background variables were only weakly associated with [Formula: see text] and did not affect the ICC. [Formula: see text] was 0.118 smaller for EQ-5D-5L studies. Discussion. [Formula: see text] varies between countries. These differences were not explained by national cultural values. In conclusion, despite correction for various variables, utility differences between countries remain substantial and unexplained. This justifies the use of country-specific value sets for instruments such as the EQ-5D.

scholarly journals The affordability of a healthy and sustainable diet: An Australian case study.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara Goulding ◽  
Rebecca Lindberg ◽  
Catherine Georgina Russell
Keyword(s):  
Food Policy ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Planetary Health ◽  
Australian State ◽  
Sustainable Diet ◽  
Australian Case ◽  
Food Basket ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Country Specific

Abstract BACKGROUND/AIMS: EAT–Lancet Commission’s Planetary Health Diet proposed a diet that integrates nutrition and sustainability considerations, however its affordability is unknown in many country-specific contexts, including Australia. The aim of this study is to develop a healthy and sustainable food basket modelled on the Planetary Health Diet to determine the affordability of the Planetary Health Diet basket across various socio-economic groups, and compare this affordability with a food basket modelled on the typical current diet, in an Australian setting.METHODS: An Australian-specific Planetary Health Diet basket was developed for a reference household (2 adults and 2 children) modelled on the Planetary Health Diet reference diet, and compared to a previously-developed Typical Australian Diet basket. The cost of each food basket was determined by online supermarket shopping surveys in low, medium and high socio-economic areas in each Australian state. Basket affordability was determined for the reference household by comparing the basket cost to disposable income in each socio-economic group in each state. Mann-Whitney U tests then determined if there were significant differences between the median costs and the median affordability of both baskets.RESULTS: The Planetary Health Diet basket was shown to be less expensive and more affordable than the Typical Australian Diet basket nationally, in all metropolitan areas, in all socio-economic groups across Australia (median cost: Planetary Health Diet=AUD$188.21, Typical Australian Diet=AUD$224.36; median affordability: Planetary Health Diet=13%, Typical Australian Diet=16%; p=<0.05).CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the Planetary Health Diet to be more affordable than the Typical Australian Diet for metropolitan-dwelling Australians.IMPLICATIONS: These results can help to inform public health and food policy aimed at achieving a healthy and sustainable future for all Australians, including reductions in overweight/obesity rates and increased food security.

scholarly journals Potential for health economics to influence policies on tobacco use during pregnancy in low-income and middle-income countries: a qualitative case study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. e045624
Author(s):  
Tuba Saygın Avşar ◽  
Louise Jackson ◽  
Hugh McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Health Economics ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Tobacco Cessation ◽  
Qualitative Case Study ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Country Specific

IntroductionTobacco control during pregnancy is a policy priority in high-income countries (HICs) because of the significant health and inequality consequences. However, little evidence exists on interventions to reduce tobacco use in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), especially for pregnant women. This study aimed to assess how health economics evidence, which is mainly produced in HICs, could be adopted for tobacco cessation policies for pregnant women in LMICs.MethodsA qualitative case study was conducted in an international public health organisation. The organisation was chosen due to its capacity to influence health policies around the world. Tobacco control experts working in the organisation were identified through purposeful sampling and snowballing. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 18 informants with relevant experience of countries from all of the regions covered by the organisation. Data were analysed using the framework method.ResultsIn practice, tobacco cessation during pregnancy was not viewed as a priority in LMICs despite international recognition of the issue. In LMICs, factors including the recorded country-specific prevalence of tobacco use during pregnancy, availability of healthcare resources and the characteristics of potential interventions all affected the use of health economics evidence for policy making.ConclusionThe scale of tobacco use among pregnant women might be greater than reported in LMICs. Health economics evidence produced in HICs has the potential to inform health policies in LMICs around tobacco cessation interventions if the country-specific circumstances are addressed. Economic evaluations of cessation interventions integrated into antenatal care with a household perspective would be especially relevant in LMICs.

scholarly journals Measuring the Gains from Trade—A Case Study of Pakistan's Trade with India

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
M. Afzal ◽  
Stephen E. Guisinger
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Specific Restriction ◽  
Country Specific

The recent literature on the theory of tariffs and trade restrictions has emphasized the optimality of free trade policies for both developed and develop¬ing countries. There are exceptional cases in which trade restrictions can be justified—when, for example, a country has monopoly power in trade or when certain "second-best" conditions are met.1 In general, however, it is believed that a country which imposes restrictions on its trade suffers a decline in real income. A number of studies for both developed and developing countries have estimated the economic benefits that would accrue to these countries from the elimination of all trade restrictions.* The purpose of this paper is to provide a method for measuring the economic benefits that a country would receive as the result of the elimination of a country-specific restriction while maintaining all restrictions applying to commodities. Methods of measuring the static gains to a country removing commodity restrictions are already well known and need no further elaboration. The elimination of a country-specific restriction on trade, however, presents a slightly different problem of measurement since the liberalization may affect only one portion of the country's trade and give rise to foreign exchange savings as well as the familiar gains from reduced producers' inefficiency and increased consumers' surplus.

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