Determining Forms of Expressions of Food Violence in Venezuela

In the present investigation, the existence of various forms of expression of food violence in Venezuela was determined, through the measurement of contextualized variables within the established classification. The existence and aggravation of forms of economic expression of food violence were determined, with a relative improvement in food availability but an increase in the difficulty of access: the basic food basket was located in December 2020 at $180.16, and the minimum wage at $6.35, which covers only 3.5% of the basic food basket. Additionally, a substantial increase in the use of the US dollar was determined, in parallel to the Venezuelan legal tender (Bolívar) as well as the introduction of the electronic currency “Petro”, which distorts the food access market and hinders the accessibility. Likewise, the effectiveness index for the delivery of food subsidies and the ability to satisfy the basic food basket through the food programs was determined. The existence of forms of moral expression of food violence was determined by observing in the respondents, high levels of dissatisfaction in the delivery criteria both in a general and community way and high levels of inappropriate perception of the use of propaganda or political advertising in the delivery of help with the no consulted use of the image of the beneficiaries. Forms of emotional expression of food violence were evidenced, showing high levels of dissatisfaction and uncertainty in the ability to purchase food, as well as high levels of anguish. Forms of cultural expression of food violence were determined, by determining changes in the ancestral and traditional eating pattern of the Venezuelan, as well as high measurements of dissatisfaction in the forced change in said pattern, as well as in the alteration of tastes and preferences expressed by the respondents have experienced. Sanitary forms of expression of food violence were evidenced, by determining considerable percentages in the consumption of basic products such as flour and sugar in bulk with ignorance of the brand and origin of the food and high levels of dissatisfaction with the realization of this type of consumption. No physical forms of expression of Food Violence were evidenced when the queues for food access were apparently stopped, and the use of body markings.

The Applecart Project: Bi-cultural action research collaboration focused on dietary change and social capital within a Māori community

<p>Na to rourou, Na taku rourou, Ka ora ai Te iwi. …with your food basket, and my food basket, the people will thrive… The AppleCART Project was an action research project which evolved through a bi-cultural research relationship. The pairing of a Maori community organisation focused on wellbeing, with a Pākehā masters student, created a project that weaved together academic findings regarding barriers to dietary change, Māori health models and identity constructs and social capital indicators, and combined it with the organisation‟s experiential knowledge of a „hard to reach‟ Māori community. The development of The AppleCART Project therefore occurred at an intersection of four approaches: Māori, Pākehā, community, and academia. The 12-week project included weekly delivery of ingredients to prepare a healthy meal supported by social cooking workshops. Ten participants were interviewed; workshop observations and a post-project discussion group enriched the data, along with the author‟s personal action research diary. Ethnographic data describes a community that has a health consciousness but experiences of poverty hinder ability to improve dietary behaviour. Social capital indicators are present within the community, mainly located within whānau networks. Participants with less robust whānau networks particularly lacking in expressive support relied on CART for social support. It is suggested that CART functions as an urban marae providing space, place and security for its community, engendering the development of adaptive and fluid contemporary Māori identities. Contrasts between Māori relational and Pākehā instrumental approaches are discussed.</p>

The Applecart Project: Bi-cultural action research collaboration focused on dietary change and social capital within a Māori community

<p>Na to rourou, Na taku rourou, Ka ora ai Te iwi. …with your food basket, and my food basket, the people will thrive… The AppleCART Project was an action research project which evolved through a bi-cultural research relationship. The pairing of a Maori community organisation focused on wellbeing, with a Pākehā masters student, created a project that weaved together academic findings regarding barriers to dietary change, Māori health models and identity constructs and social capital indicators, and combined it with the organisation‟s experiential knowledge of a „hard to reach‟ Māori community. The development of The AppleCART Project therefore occurred at an intersection of four approaches: Māori, Pākehā, community, and academia. The 12-week project included weekly delivery of ingredients to prepare a healthy meal supported by social cooking workshops. Ten participants were interviewed; workshop observations and a post-project discussion group enriched the data, along with the author‟s personal action research diary. Ethnographic data describes a community that has a health consciousness but experiences of poverty hinder ability to improve dietary behaviour. Social capital indicators are present within the community, mainly located within whānau networks. Participants with less robust whānau networks particularly lacking in expressive support relied on CART for social support. It is suggested that CART functions as an urban marae providing space, place and security for its community, engendering the development of adaptive and fluid contemporary Māori identities. Contrasts between Māori relational and Pākehā instrumental approaches are discussed.</p>

Explaining the Effect of Crop-Raiding on Food Security of Subsistence Farmers of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa

Across the globe, crop-raiding has been known to have a significant impact on subsistence farmers livelihoods in developing countries. However, the relationship between crop-raiding and food security of small-scale farmers is not well-studied. We investigated the effects of crop-raiding on homestead food security of a subsistence farming community on the edge of the Hluhluwe Game Reserve in northern KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. We analyzed the relative calories lost to important food security crops (maize, common bean, spinach, and beetroot) damage by crop raiders. In addition, we conducted questionnaire surveys of resident farmers and conservationists of the Hluhluwe Game Reserve to explain the effect of crop-raiding on food security. We firstly assessed how crop loss influenced relative calorie loss as an indicator of food security by comparing relative calorie loss with two predictors of food security: homestead size and contribution of crops to the farmers' food basket. Larger homesteads were more prone to food insecurity as compared to smaller households as they experienced higher calorie loss, especially in terms of maize (Zea mays), the most important food security crop in South Africa. This was because maize contributed the highest (91–100%) to the homestead food basket of these farmers. Secondly, we assessed farmers and conservationists' perceptions and opinions on crop-raiding issues. Farmers reported maize as the crop most damaged by crop-raiding animals. Conservationists reported crop-raiding with other major problems in and around the Reserve; this showed that conservationists acknowledge the issue of crop-raiding as a problem for subsistence farming communities abutting protected areas. Both farmers and conservationists reported insects as the most damaging crop raider. Our study suggests that larger homesteads, particularly where maize contributes substantially to homestead food baskets, are more prone to food insecurity in the rural subsistence farming community that we studied. In concordance with many studies, insects were reported as the culprits by both farmers and conservationists. Small, ubiquitous animals, such as insects are reported to cause much crop damage where they occur. The findings of our study suggest that the food security of the studied farmers is threatened by crop-raiding.

Estimating the Cost of the Spanish Sustainable Food Basket through the Reference Budgets Approach

Reference budgets (RB) are illustrative priced baskets containing the minimum goods and services necessary for well-described types of families to have adequate social participation. Cross-country comparable food RB with the minimum cost were previously developed in 26 EU countries. However, sustainability was not considered. The aim of this paper is to present the development of healthy and sustainable food baskets for Spanish adults. This work follows the steps proposed in previous European projects to build RB: (1) revision of guidelines on healthy and sustainable eating and expert consultations, (2) translation into a concrete list of foods, (3) pricing. The results indicate that a sustainable diet can be cheaper than current recommendations when only the dietary content is considered, representing monthly savings of about EUR 7.27. This is mainly explained by the shift towards more plant-based proteins. Adding constraints on origin, packaging and seasonality increases the overall cost of the food basket by EUR 12.22/month compared with current recommendations. The Spanish Sustainable Food Reference Budget illustrates the cost of applying different criteria to improve dietary sustainability in the Spanish context, and can be useful to support the ecological transition, since providing different levels of adherence to a sustainable dietary pattern can ease its access across socioeconomic groups.

Economic growth, nutrition and living standards in 19th century Lima: new estimates of welfare ratios using a linear programming model

This study relies on a linear programming model to estimate welfare ratios in 19th century Lima. By using a linear programming model, the food basket guarantees the intake of basic nutrients at the minimum cost. The subsistence cost includes the cost of food and other basic needs. The estimates show that low-skilled workers in Lima were able to cover their basic needs in 1800-1875. The results also show that living standards of low-skilled workers declined during the Guano Era. Living standards in Lima, however, compared favorably to several cities in Europe.

Condiciones sociales y riesgo escolar de jóvenes de educación media superior en Mexicali, Baja California

El trabajo describe las condiciones socioeconómicas familiares y aspectos educativos de jóvenes estudiantes de educación media superior. Desde un estudio cuantitativo, se aplicó un cuestionario de 52 reactivos, con el propósito de explorar aspectos de equipamiento y canasta básica; condiciones familiares, reprobación, rendimiento académico y la motivación hacia la escuela. Se caracteriza un plantel con una muestra aleatoria de 43 estudiantes de sexto semestre. Entre los resultados, se reportan los niveles de escolaridad del padre y de la madre; el 56% cuenta con computadora y el 86% con internet; el 42% trabaja y obtiene un ingreso menor al salario mínimo. Entre las conclusiones, se observó que la reprobación representa el riesgo de abandono escolar. Abstract This paper describes socioeconomic conditions in families and educational aspects of young people in high school. From a quantitative study, a questionnaire consisting of 52 test items was applied with the aim of exploring aspects of equipment and the basic food basket, family situations, grade failure, academic performance, and motivation towards school. A high school was characterized with a sample where 43 students in sixth semester were randomly sampled. Among the results obtained, 56% of students have a computer and 86% have internet; 42% work and perceive an income inferior to the established minimum wage; and a report of their mother's or father's educational level was required. Among the findings, we observed that failure to achieve a passing grade represented a risk of dropout.