A seismically controlled seal breach in a major hydrocarbon province: A study from the Mauddud Formation in the Bahrah field, Kuwait

2019 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 255-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayed Behbehani ◽  
Cathy Hollis ◽  
Greg Holland ◽  
Parmjit Singh ◽  
Keith Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Major Hydrocarbon

Fuel Property of Pyrolytic-Oil from Para Rubber De-Oiled Seed Residue

2015 ◽  
Vol 781 ◽  
pp. 643-646
Author(s):  
Tanakorn Unpinit ◽  
Mallika Thabuot
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Degradation Behavior ◽  
Fuel Property ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Thermal Degradation Behavior ◽  
Clay Catalyst ◽  
Pyrolytic Oil ◽  
Loss Characteristic ◽  
Major Hydrocarbon

In this report, bio-oil was produced from the pyrolysis of Para Rubber de-oiled seed residue mixing with clay catalyst of 5-20%wt. under 400 to 600°C. Pyrolytic oil was determined for the thermal weight loss characteristic, heating value, structural and physical properties. Results showed the yield of pyrolytic oil increased with the increasing catalyst percentage, maximum yield of 24.59%wt. was revealed from the pyrolysis at 550°C. Using clay catalyst of 5%wt. at 400°C gave bio-oil with the highest heating value up to 49.17 MJ/kg. While pyrolytic oil which obtained from the mixture of de-oiled seed residue and 10%wt. clay at 400°C showed the thermal degradation behavior in the range of diesel and gasoline. All pyrolytic oils produced in this study have the major hydrocarbon structure of C-H stretching as investigated by FTIR. However, this product should be upgraded to get better properties closed to the commercial fuel.

scholarly journals Accelerated non-linear destruction of the earth's crust

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-290
Author(s):  
E. V. Artyushkov
Keyword(s):  
Lower Crust ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Crustal Rocks ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Lithospheric Plates ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
Major Hydrocarbon

The upper part of the Earth—the lithospheric layer,∼100 km thick, is rigid. Segments of this spherical shell–lithospheric plates are drifting over a ductile asthenosphere. On the continents, the lithosphere includes the Earth's crust,∼40 km thick, which is underlain by peridotitic rocks of the mantle. In most areas, at depths∼20–40 km the continental crust is composed of basalts with density∼2900kg m−3. At temperature and pressure typical for this depth, basalts are metastable and should transform into another assemblage of minerals which corresponds to garnet granulites and eclogites with higher densities 3300–3600 kgm−3. The rate of this transformation is extremely low in dry rocks, and the associated contraction of basalts evolves during the time≥108a. To restore the Archimede's equilibrium, the crust subsides with a formation of sedimentary basins, up to 10–15 km deep.Volumes of hot mantle with a water-containing fluid emerge sometimes from a deep mantle to the base of the lithosphere. Fluids infiltrate into the crust through the mantle part of the lithosphere. They catalyze the reaction in the lower crust which results in rock contraction with a formation of deep water basins at the surface during∼106a. The major hydrocarbon basins of the world were formed in this way. Infiltration of fluids strongly reduces the viscosity of the lithosphere, which is evidenced by narrow-wavelength deformations of this layer. At times of softening of the mantle part of the lithosphere, it becomes convectively replaced by a hotter and lighter asthenosphere. This process has resulted in the formation of many mountain ranges and high plateaus during the last several millions of years. Softening of the whole lithospheric layer which is rigid under normal conditions allows its strong compressive and tensile deformations. At the epochs of compression, a large portion of dense eclogites that were formed from basalts in the lower crust sink deeply into the mantle. In some cases they carry down lighter blocks of granites and sedimentary rocks of the upper crust which delaminate from eclogitic blocks and emerge back to the crust. Such blocks of upper crustal rocks include diamonds and other minerals which were formed at a depth of 100–150 km.

Participatory Institutions as a Focal Point for Mobilizing: Prior Consultation and Indigenous Conflict in Colombia’s Extractive Industries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maiah Jaskoski
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
The State ◽  
Extractive Industries ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Participatory Institutions ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Major Hydrocarbon

This article systematically analyzes how the participatory institution “prior consultation” indirectly gave Colombian indigenous communities a voice in five major hydrocarbon and mining conflicts by creating opportunities to organize around the institution. Mobilized indigenous groups did not express their concerns about extraction within the prescribed prior consultation meetings. Instead, they refused to be consulted, they challenged the lack of, or their exclusion from, prior consultation, and they preemptively achieved environmental protections. Variation in tactics is explained by (1) the stage of the planned extraction, (2) whether the state initially determined that a community was affected by the extraction, and (3) the degree of unity among affected communities. The article further highlights the role of Colombia’s Constitutional Court in interpreting and weighing the rights that underlie prior consultation procedures.

Gas Chromatography of Unsaponifiable Matter. III. Identification of Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Alcohols, Tocopherols, Triterpenoid Alcohols, and Sterols Present in Olive Oils

1965 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Eisner ◽  
John L Iverson ◽  
Alfred K Mozingo ◽  
David Firestone
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Unsaponifiable Matter ◽  
Homologous Series ◽  
Aliphatic Alcohols ◽  
The Third ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Olive Oils ◽  
Olive Kernel ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Major Hydrocarbon

Abstract Olive oils, both foreign and domestic, were saponified, and the unsaponifiable matter was fractionated on a Florisil column. Gas chromatography of the first two hydrocarbon fractions confirmed that squalene was the major component of pressed and solvent-extracted pomace oils. However, iso-and/or anteiso- tctratriacontane was the major hydrocarbon in olive kernel oil. Hydrogenation and temperature programming indicated that there were several homologous series present, consisting of normal, iso-and/or anteiso-, and multiple branched chain hydrocarbons. Gas chromatography of the third Florisil fraction (tocopherols, high molecular weight aliphatic alcohols, and triterpenoid alcohol components) indicated the presence of three homologous series of normal, iso- and/or anteiso-, and multiple branched chain alcohols. The triterpenoid alcohols were used to distinguish between pressed and solvent-extracted pomace oils. As little as 5% of pomace oil could be detected in laboratory-prepared mixtures. Campesterol and beta-sitosterol were the two sterols present in olive oils. The Fitelson test detected olive oils consisting entirely or largely of pomace oils.

Application of chemostratigraphy to the Mungaroo Formation, the Gorgon field, offshore northwest Australia

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Ratcliffe ◽  
Milly Wright ◽  
Paul Montgomery ◽  
Andy Palfrey ◽  
Adam Vonk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Production ◽  
Sediment Provenance ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Hydrocarbon Reservoir ◽  
Reservoir Models ◽  
Stratigraphic Architecture ◽  
Sustained Change ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The One ◽  
Major Hydrocarbon

The Mungaroo Formation in the Gorgon Field is a stratigraphically complex fluvial system of Triassic age. It is also a major hydrocarbon reservoir, therefore understanding its internal stratigraphic architecture is of paramount importance to exploitation of its reserves. Here, the technique of chemostratigraphy is used to construct a correlation framework for the Mungaroo Formation of the Gorgon Field. Chemostratigraphy is a tool that employs variations in inorganic whole rock geochemistry to enable the characterisation and subsequent correlation of sediments. For this study, a total of 1,514 cuttings and core samples from eight wells in the Gorgon Field have been analysed. Using data derived from both claystone and sandstone lithologies, the Mungaroo Formation is divided into nine chemostratigraphic packages, 22 geochemical units and 19 sand units. Additionally, three surfaces identified as time lines (T1–T3) are geochemically defined. Changes in values of Ga/Rb and Al2O3/(CaO+ MgO+K2O+Na2O) indicate that during deposition of the Mungaroo Formation, the paleoclimate became warmer and wetter, resulting in increasingly intense hydrolytic weathering. Steps in the values of these ratios allow three surfaces to be identified (T1–T3), at which there is a marked and sustained change in the paleoclimate. These three surfaces represent time lines that provide a quasi-chronostratigraphic framework for the formation. Values of Cr/Al2O3, Cr/Na2O and Nb/Al2O3 are related to changes in sediment provenance and indicate that during deposition of the Mungaroo Formation the provenance became more mafic and less intermediate. It is variations in paleoclimate and provenance modelled from the geochemical data that allows the packages, units and sand units to be characterised and correlated. The chemostratigraphic correlation is more detailed than is available from other stratigraphic techniques. Although in most instances the lithostratigraphic correlation of sand units based on wireline log correlation matches the one defined using chemostratigraphy, there are some significant differences between the two that influence reservoir models and gas production.

Water washing: a major hydrocarbon alteration process. Part 1—geochemistry

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Lindsay Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Primary Control ◽  
Gas Oil ◽  
Oil Accumulation ◽  
Water Washing ◽  
Source Type ◽  
Alteration Process ◽  
Washing Process ◽  
Major Alteration ◽  
Insoluble Compounds ◽  
Major Hydrocarbon

This paper presents the geochemistry portion of a larger study attempting to better predict hydrocarbon type prior to drilling. The geochemistry indicates that condensate-gas or gas-oil ratios have a predictable relationship with gasoline-range hydrocarbon solubility. The study shows that soluble gasoline-range aromatic compounds such as toluene are significantly depleted in oils compared with gases, whereas more insoluble compounds such as methylcyclohexane are enriched. The review indicates that water-washing in the reservoir is a major alteration process affecting hydrocarbon type and, in extreme cases, can convert a major gas accumulation into a smaller oil accumulation. Source type and maturity have a relationship with the volume of liquids produced, but are not the primary control on the hydrocarbon phase in the reservoir. The water-washing process will also affect carbon dioxide geosequestration projects, particularly where injection into abandoned low GOR oilfields is proposed.

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