Fluid diversity in the gold-endowed Archean orogenic systems of the Abitibi greenstone belt (Canada) I: Constraining the PTX of prolonged hydrothermal systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 104221
Author(s):  
Györgyi Tuba ◽  
Daniel J. Kontak ◽  
Brandon G. Choquette ◽  
Jérémie Pfister ◽  
Evan C.G. Hastie ◽  
...  
1979 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Fryer ◽  
R. Kerrich ◽  
R. W. Hutchinson ◽  
M. G. Peirce ◽  
D. S. Rogers

The Porcupine District, Abitibi Greenstone Belt is one of the most extensive areas of Archaean auriferous mineralization. At least two stages of lode gold emplacement may be recognized. The first involves gold-bearing ferroan dolomite layers with subordinate chert, sulphides, and graphite deposited as laterally extensive chemical sediments at interflow horizons within the mafic volcanic sequence. The second stage is represented by major gold-bearing hydrothermal quartz–albite–dravite veins which transect diverse host rocks including the carbonate chemical sediments. Differences between gold-bearing chemical sediment and auriferous hydrothermal veins, in terms of texture, mineralogy, and nature of inclusions, together with considerations of chemistry are not compatible with local derivation of veins from enveloping chemical sediments or adjacent host rocks. The chemical sediments display slump structures and predate all tectonic deformation. In general, auriferous hydrothermal quartz veins transect bedding and/or schistosity, and are at a low state of internal strain. They appear to have been emplaced late during the second regional fold episode.Au, Ag, and Pd average 10, 2, and 0.1 ppm respectively in ore types at the Dome mine; representing concentration factors of 10 000,40, and 10 times background values in unmineralized metabasalt, and primary igneous rocks worldwide. Au and Ag are inhomogeneously distributed.Mineralized metabasic rocks adjacent to vein stockworks have Ti/Zr and Ti/Al2O3 ratios comparable to tholeiitic basalts, but display variable enrichment or depletion of silica, systematic depletion in Na2O, and where intensely altered significant extraction of calcium. The low Ni and Cr contents of the carbonate layers, together with low Ti/Zr ratios (43–78) of the carbonates and their enveloping mafic schists, are not consistent with the hypothesis that these auriferous rocks are carbonated ultramafics. Massive banded quartz–fuchsite–dravite veins have Cr and Ni abundances averaging 350 ppm, implying hydrothermal transport of these elements. Ti/Zr ratios of 120, together with high Mg, Cr, and Ni abundances in magnesite–dolomite–quartz– chlorite schists which host the banded veins are compatible with a primary komatiitic composition. Mineralized metabasic rocks are reduced (Fe2+/ΣFe = 0.9) relative to rocks with primary background abundances of precious metals (Fe2+/ΣFe = 0.7). This change of oxidation state implies that large volumes of reducing hydrothermal solutions were involved in vein mineralization.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Yergeau ◽  
P. Mercier-Langevin ◽  
B. Dubé ◽  
M. Malo ◽  
A. Savoie

Abstract The Westwood deposit (4.5 Moz Au) is hosted in the 2699–2695 Ma Bousquet Formation volcanic and intrusive rocks, in the eastern part of the Blake River Group, southern Abitibi greenstone belt. The Bousquet Formation is divided in two geochemically distinct members: a mafic to intermediate, tholeiitic to transitional lower member and an intermediate to felsic, transitional to calc-alkaline upper member. The Bousquet Formation is cut by the synvolcanic (2699–2696 Ma) polyphase Mooshla Intrusive Complex, which is cogenetic with the Bousquet Formation. The deposit contains three strongly deformed (D2 flattening and stretching), steeply S-dipping mineralized corridors that are stacked from north to south: Zone 2 Extension, North Corridor, and Westwood Corridor. The North and Westwood corridors are composed of Au-rich polymetallic sulfide veins and stratabound to stratiform disseminated to massive sulfide ore zones that are spatially and genetically associated with the calcalkaline, intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks of the upper Bousquet Formation. The formation of the disseminated to semimassive ore zones is interpreted as strongly controlled by the replacement of porous volcaniclastic rocks at the contact with more impermeable massive cap rocks that helped confine the upflow of mineralizing fluids. The massive sulfide lenses are spatially associated with dacitic to rhyolitic domes and are interpreted as being formed, at least in part, on the paleoseafloor. The epizonal, sulfide-quartz vein-type ore zones of the Zone 2 Extension are associated with the injection of subvolcanic, calc-alkaline felsic sills and dikes within the lower Bousquet Formation. These subvolcanic intrusive rocks, previously interpreted as lava flows, are cogenetic and coeval with the intermediate to felsic lava flows and domes of the upper Bousquet Formation. The change from fractional crystallization to assimilation- and fractional crystallization-dominated processes and transitional to calc-alkaline magmatism is interpreted to be responsible for the development of the auriferous ore-forming system. The Westwood deposit is similar to some Phanerozoic Au ± base metal-rich magmatic-hydrothermal systems, both in terms of local volcano-plutonic architecture and inferred petrogenetic context. The complex volcanic evolution of the host sequence at Westwood, combined with its proximity to a polyphase synvolcanic intrusive complex, led to the development of one of the few known large Archean subaqueous Au-rich magmatic-hydrothermal systems.


Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Lucie Mathieu

In gold-endowed greenstone belts, ore bodies generally correspond to orogenic gold systems (OGS) formed during the main deformation stage that led to craton stabilization (syntectonic period). Most OGS deposits postdate and locally overprint magmatic-hydrothermal systems, such as Au-Cu porphyry that mostly formed during the main magmatic stage (synvolcanic period) and polymetallic intrusion-related gold systems (IRGS) of the syntectonic period. Porphyries are associated with tonalite-dominated and sanukitoid plutons, whereas most IRGS are related to alkaline magmatism. As reviewed here, most intrusion-associated mineralization in the Abitibi greenstone belt is the result of complex and local multistage metallogenic processes. A new classification is proposed that includes (1) OGS and OGS-like deposits dominated by metamorphic and magmatic fluids, respectively; (2) porphyry and IRGS that may contain gold remobilized during subsequent deformation episodes; (3) porphyry and IRGS that are overprinted by OGS. Both OGS and OGS-like deposits are associated with crustal-scale faults and display similar gold-deposition mechanisms. The main difference is that magmatic fluid input may increase the oxidation state and CO2 content of the mineralizing fluid for OGS-like deposits, while OGS are characterized by the circulation of reduced metamorphic fluids. For porphyry and IRGS, mineralizing fluids and metals have a magmatic origin. Porphyries are defined as base metal and gold-bearing deposits associated with large-volume intrusions, while IRGS are gold deposits that may display a polymetallic signature and that can be associated with small-volume syntectonic intrusions. Some porphyry, such as the Côté Gold deposit, demonstrate that magmatic systems can generate economically significant gold mineralization. In addition, many deposits display evidence of multistage processes and correspond to gold-bearing or gold-barren magmatic-hydrothermal systems overprinted by OGS or by gold-barren metamorphic fluids. In most cases, the source of gold remains debated. Whether magmatic activity was essential or marginal for fertilizing the upper crust during the Neoarchean remains a major topic for future research, and petrogenetic investigations may be paramount for distinguishing gold-endowed from barren greenstone belts.


Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 966
Author(s):  
Baptiste Madon ◽  
Lucie Mathieu ◽  
Jeffrey H. Marsh

Neoarchean syntectonic intrusions from the Chibougamau area, northeastern Abitibi Subprovince (greenstone belt), may be genetically related to intrusion related gold mineralization. These magmatic-hydrothermal systems share common features with orogenic gold deposits, such as spatial and temporal association with syntectonic magmatism. Genetic association with magmatism, however, remains controversial for many greenstone belt hosted Au deposits. To precisely identify the link between syntectonic magmas and gold mineralization in the Abitibi Subprovince, major and trace-element compositions of whole rock, zircon, apatite, and amphibole grains were measured for five intrusions in the Chibougamau area; the Anville, Saussure, Chevrillon, Opémisca, and Lac Line Plutons. The selected intrusions are representative of the chemical diversity of synvolcanic (TTG suite) and syntectonic (e.g., sanukitoid, alkaline intrusion) magmatism. Chemical data enable calculation of oxygen fugacity and volatile content, and these parameters were interpreted using data collected by electron microprobe and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The zircon and apatite data and associated oxygen fugacity values in magma indicate that the youngest magmas are the most oxidized. Moreover, similar oxygen fugacity and high volatile content for both the Saussure Pluton and the mineralized Lac Line intrusion may indicate a possible prospective mineralized system associated with the syntectonic Saussure intrusion.


1996 ◽  
Vol 265 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 127-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.U Mueller ◽  
R Daigneault ◽  
J.K Mortensen ◽  
E.H Chown

2009 ◽  
Vol 472 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 226-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Snyder ◽  
Peter Cary ◽  
Matt Salisbury

1992 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 1448-1458 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Laflèche ◽  
C. Dupuy ◽  
J. Dostal

The late Archean Blake River Group volcanic sequence forms the uppermost part of the southern Abitibi greenstone belt in Quebec. The group is mainly composed of mid-ocean-ridge basalt (MORB)-like tholeiites that show a progressive change of several incompatible trace element ratios (e.g., Nb/Th, Nb/Ta, La/Yb, and Zr/Y) during differentiation. The compositional variations are inferred to be the result of fractional crystallization coupled with mixing–contamination of tholeiites by calc-alkaline magma which produced the mafic–intermediate lavas intercalated with the tholeiites in the uppermost part of the sequence. The MORB-like tholeiites were probably emplaced in a back-arc setting.


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