scholarly journals Prioritizing smallholder animal health needs in East Africa, West Africa, and South Asia using three approaches: Literature review, expert workshops, and practitioner surveys

2021 ◽  
Vol 189 ◽  
pp. 105279
Author(s):  
Zoë Campbell ◽  
Paul Coleman ◽  
Andrea Guest ◽  
Peetambar Kushwaha ◽  
Thembinkosi Ramuthivheli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
West Africa ◽  
South Asia ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Health Needs

scholarly journals Informal genomic surveillance of regional distribution of Salmonella Typhi genotypes and antimicrobial resistance via returning travellers

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle J. Ingle ◽  
Satheesh Nair ◽  
Hassan Hartman ◽  
Philip M. Ashton ◽  
Zoe A. Dyson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
West Africa ◽  
South Asia ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractSalmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is the causative agent of typhoid fever, a systemic human infection with a burden exceeding 20 million cases each year that occur disproportionately among children in low and middle income countries. Antimicrobial therapy is the mainstay for treatment, but resistance to multiple agents is common. Here we report genotypes and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants detected from routine whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 533 S. Typhi isolates referred to Public Health England between April 2014 and April 2017, 488 (92%) of which had accompanying patient travel information obtained via an enhanced surveillance questionnaire. The majority of cases involved S. Typhi 4.3.1 (H58) linked with travel to South Asia (58%). Travel to East and West Africa were associated with genotypes 4.3.1 and 3.3.1, respectively. Point mutations in the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR), associated with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones, were very common (85% of all cases) but the frequency varied significantly by region of travel: 95% in South Asia, 43% in East Africa, 27% in West Africa. QRDR triple mutants, resistant to ciprofloxacin, were restricted to 4.3.1 lineage II and associated with travel to India, accounting for 23% of cases reporting travel to the country. Overall 24% of isolates were MDR, however the frequency varied significantly by region and country of travel: 27% in West Africa, 52% in East Africa, 55% in Pakistan, 24% in Bangladesh, 3% in India. MDR determinants were plasmid-borne (IncHI1 PST2 plasmids) in S. Typhi 3.1.1 linked to West Africa, but in all other regions MDR was chromosomally integrated in 4.3.1 lineage I. We propose that routine WGS data from travel-associated cases in industrialised countries could serve as informal sentinel AMR genomic surveillance data for countries where WGS is not available or routinely performed.Author SummaryOur data demonstrate how routine WGS data produced by Public Health England can be further mined for informal passive surveillance of Salmonella Typhi circulating in different geographical regions where typhoid is endemic. We have shown the public health utility of a simplified approach to WGS reporting based on the GenoTyphi genotyping framework and nomenclature, which doesn’t require the generation of a phylogenetic tree or other phylogenetic analysis. These approaches yielded results consistent with previously reported antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns of S. Typhi, including prevalence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) and fluoroquinolone resistance in different regions in association with different pathogen variants. These data provide a rationale and framework for the extraction and reporting of geographically stratified genotype and AMR data from public health labs in non-endemic countries. Prospective analysis and reporting of such data could potentially detect shifts in regional S. Typhi populations, such as replacement or spread of different subclades and the emergence and dissemination of MDR, fluoroquinolone resistant and/or extensively drug resistant S. Typhi, providing valuable data to inform typhoid control measures in low and middle income countries that are still building their genomics capacity.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Sharpe
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
East Africa ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
Refugee Protection

This introductory chapter begins by presenting the book’s structure in section A. Section B then delineates the book’s contours, outlining four aspects of refugee protection in Africa that are not addressed. Section C provides context, with a contemporary overview of the state of refugee protection in Africa. It also looks at the major aspects of the refugee situations in each of Africa’s principal geographic sub-regions: East Africa (including the Horn of Africa), Central Africa and the Great Lakes, West Africa, Southern Africa, and North Africa. Section D then concludes with an outline of the theoretical approach to regime relationships employed throughout the book.

scholarly journals Keeping Dairy Cows for Longer: A Critical Literature Review on Dairy Cow Longevity in High Milk-Producing Countries

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 808
Author(s):  
Gabriel M. Dallago ◽  
Kevin M. Wade ◽  
Roger I. Cue ◽  
J T. McClure ◽  
René Lacroix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Age At First Calving ◽  
Productive Life ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Animal Remains ◽  
Critical Literature

The ability of dairy farmers to keep their cows for longer could positively enhance the economic performance of the farms, reduce the environmental footprint of the milk industry, and overall help in justifying a sustainable use of animals for food production. However, there is little published on the current status of cow longevity and we hypothesized that a reason may be a lack of standardization and an over narrow focus of the longevity measure itself. The objectives of this critical literature review were: (1) to review metrics used to measure dairy cow longevity; (2) to describe the status of longevity in high milk-producing countries. Current metrics are limited to either the length of time the animal remains in the herd or if it is alive at a given time. To overcome such a limitation, dairy cow longevity should be defined as an animal having an early age at first calving and a long productive life spent in profitable milk production. Combining age at first calving, length of productive life, and margin over all costs would provide a more comprehensive evaluation of longevity by covering both early life conditions and the length of time the animal remains in the herd once it starts to contribute to the farm revenues, as well as the overall animal health and quality of life. This review confirms that dairy cow longevity has decreased in most high milk-producing countries over time and its relationship with milk yield is not straight forward. Increasing cow longevity by reducing involuntary culling would cut health costs, increase cow lifetime profitability, improve animal welfare, and could contribute towards a more sustainable dairy industry while optimizing dairy farmers’ efficiency in the overall use of resources available.

One Health in South Asia and its challenges in implementation from stakeholder perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 181 (23) ◽  
pp. 626-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rojan Dahal ◽  
Atul Upadhyay ◽  
Benjamin Ewald
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
One Health ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Health Concept ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
Considerable Work ◽  
Google Search

One Health is a concept which fosters collaborative relationships between human health, animal health and environmental health partners. Diseases are emerging and re-emerging in South Asia due to poor sanitation, close proximity of people to livestock, deforestation, porous borders, climate change, changes in human behaviour and unhygienic food preparation and consumption practices. This review was completed in two stages. First, we conducted a review of peer-reviewed literature and grey literature available in Google search engine related to One Health in four countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal). Second, we used a structured questionnaire completed by the key stakeholders working on One Health for the collection of information related to the challenges in implementing One Health. Most of the One Health activities in South Asia are determined by donor preferences. Bangladesh and India did considerable work in advancing One Health with limited support from the government agencies. Weak surveillance mechanisms, uncertain cost-effectiveness of One Health compared with the existing approach, human resources and laboratory capacity are some of the factors hindering implementation of the One Health concept. Implementation of One Health is growing in the South Asia region with limited or no government acceptance. To institutionalise it, there is a need for leadership, government support and funding.

Middle East–Yemen Arab Republic–Asian Sub-Continent–East Africa–West Africa–Haiti–Colombia–Northern Ireland–Visits to political detainees

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (142) ◽  
pp. 22-25
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
West Africa ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Yemen Arab Republic

ICRC delegates in Israel and the Arab countries have, in recent weeks, made several visits to prisoners of war. As usual, they talked with them without witnesses. In accordance with the established practice, reports are sent to the detaining authorities and to the prisoners' own governments.

A giant African millipede re-discovered, re-located and re-classified after 120 years (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4527 (3) ◽  
pp. 403
Author(s):  
ARMAND RICHARD NZOKO FIEMAPONG ◽  
HENRIK ENGHOFF
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Type Specimen

The giant millipede Pachybolus tectus Cook, 1897, described from Zanzibar, East Africa, and never re-collected till now, is re-described based on newly collected specimens from Cameroon, West Africa. The species is transferred to the genus Pelmatojulus Saussure, 1860, and compared with the most similar congener, P. togoensis (Cook, 1897). The type specimen of P. tectus, which no longer exists, probably was mis-labelled. An overview of the distribution of Pelmatojulus species and records of the genus from Cameroon are given, including P. brachysternus (Cook, 1897) as new to the fauna of Cameroon. Pelmatojulus insignis (Saussure, 1859) and P. togoensis are recorded as new to the fauna of Ghana. 

Molecular investigation of the Pfmdr1 gene of Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Henan Province imported from Africa

Parasitology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengyun Yang ◽  
Ruimin Zhou ◽  
Ying Liu ◽  
Suhua Li ◽  
Dan Qian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
West Africa ◽  
East Africa ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Henan Province ◽  
Pfmdr1 Gene ◽  
Antimalarial Resistance ◽  
African Migrant

AbstractEfficacious antimalarial drugs are important for malaria control and elimination, and continuous monitoring of their efficacy is essential. The prevalence and distribution of Pfmdr1 were evaluated in African migrant workers in Henan Province. Among 632 isolates, 13 haplotypes were identified, NYSND (39.87%, 252/632), YYSND (2.85%, 18/632), NFSND (31.01%, 196/632), NYSNY (0.47%, 3/632), YFSND (13.77%, 87/632), NFSNY (0.32%, 2/632), YYSNY (2.06%, 13/632), YFSNY (0.16%, 1/632), N/Y YSND (1.90%, 12/632), N Y/F SND (6.17%, 39/632), N/Y Y/F SND (0.47%, 3/632), YYSN D/Y (0.16%, 1/632) and N/Y FSND (0.79%, 5/632). The highest frequency of NYSND was observed in individuals from North Africa (63.64%, 7/11), followed by South Africa (61.33%, 111/181), Central Africa (33.33%, 56/168), West Africa (28.94%, 68/235) and East Africa (27.03%, 10/37) (χ2 = 54.605, P < 0.05). The highest frequency of NFSND was observed in East Africa (48.65%, 18/37), followed by West Africa (39.14%, 92/235), Central Africa (26.79%, 45/168), South Africa (22.65%, 41/181) and North Africa (9.09%, 1/11) (χ2 = 22.368 P < 0.05). The mutant prevalence of codons 86 and 184 decreased. These data may provide complementary information on antimalarial resistance that may be utilized in the development of a treatment regimen for Henan Province.

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