4D Printing of Polymeric Materials: Techniques, Materials, and Prospects

2022 ◽  
pp. 101506
Author(s):  
Peng Fu ◽  
Haimei Li ◽  
Jin Gong ◽  
Zengjie Fan ◽  
Andrew T. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
4D Printing

3D printing of active polymeric materials

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jheng-Wun Su
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Flexible Electronics ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Waterborne Polyurethane ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
4D Printing ◽  
Active Materials ◽  
3D Structures

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT REQUEST OF AUTHOR.] Learning from nature livings, especially those that can respond to the stimuli and change the shape, is attracting increasing interests in a wide variety of research fields. There is a significant need of developing synthetic materials that can mimic these living systems to show dynamic and adaptive shape-changing functions. Although various fabrication methods including molding, micro-fabrication and photolithography have been developed to fabricate the dynamic materials, they all have shown some limits. At present, 3D printing is a promising technique, which provides a cost effective, accurate and customized method to form 3D structures. The recently new emerging technique, 4D printing, which employs the 3D printing to print the active materials for dynamic 3D structures, shows a great potential for various applications such as tissue engineering, flexible electronics, and soft robotics. Despite much recent progress, this technology and its application in 3D dynamic structure fabrication is still in its infancy. My Ph.D. dissertation focuses on 4D printing of programmable polymeric materials that exhibits complex, reversible, shape transformations as well as enriching the printable material library by exploring various active materials for 4D printing technology. Chapter 1 introduces the current development of active materials and methodologies. Much attention is paid to the recent progress and its merits and demerits. Chapter 2 presents a simple and inexpensive 4D printing of waterborne polyurethane paint (PU) composites that are fabricated by mixing PU with micro-size preswollen carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and silicon oxide nanoparticle (NPs), respectively. Chapter 3 presents the 4D printing of a commercial polymer, SU-8, which has yet been reported in this field. The self-morphing behaviors of the printed SU-8 structures are induced by spatial control of swelling medium inside the SU-8 matrix. In Chapter 4, machine learning algorithms are applied to evaluate the shape-morphing behaviors of 4D printed objects. After the model optimization by tuning the hyperparameters the obtained machine learning models enable to accurately predict the final curvatures and curving angles of the 4D printed SU-8 structures from given input geometrical information. This initial success show that these data-driven surrogate models can well circumvent the challenge of human centered trial-and-error process in optimizing the printed structures, thereby pushing the research in 4D printing to a new height.

Recent progress in 4D printing of stimuli-responsive polymeric materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 532-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
SuQian Ma ◽  
YunPeng Zhang ◽  
Meng Wang ◽  
YunHong Liang ◽  
Lei Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
4D Printing

Review of Self-Healing Polymers as Propituous Biomaterials

2020 ◽  
Vol 05 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smita Nayak ◽  
Bhaskar Vaidhun ◽  
Kiran Kedar
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
4D Printing ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Pharmaceutical Drug ◽  
Polymeric Biomaterials ◽  
Supportive Role ◽  
Wear And Tear

In the last few decades, as understanding of polymers grew, their applications in healthcare gained prominence. However, their widespread use was limited due to inevitable ageing, unavoidable degradation and excessive wear and tear. In order to overcome this drawback, researchers took inspiration from the capability of the human body to heal itself. Sci-entific curiosity and focussed efforts in this direction have laid the foundation for successful conceptualization of self-healing polymeric biomaterials and their commercial utilization for ancillary purposes. This review familiarizes the readers with recent literature in self-healing polymers, their fabrication techniques as well as applications in medical and pharma-ceutical arenas. It is heartening to note that these polymeric materials have overcome the disadvantages of conventional polymers and shown immense promise in breakthrough technologies such as tissue engineering, anti-biofouling as well as 3D and 4D printing. Self -healing polymers are poised to become critical supporting biomaterials in traditional disciplines such as orthopaedics, dentistry and pharmaceutical drug delivery. Efforts are on to design novel self-healing materials that meet the regulatory requirements of safety and biocompatibility. Research trends indicate that self-healing polymers may play a pivotal supportive role in furthering advances in therapeutics. The authors have, through this review, attempted to spark interest and stimulate creative minds to work in this domain.

4D Printing Using Multifunctional Polymeric Materials: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen M. González-Henríquez ◽  
Fernando E. Rodriguez-Umanzor ◽  
Mauricio A. Sarabia-Vallejos ◽  
Juan Rodriguez-Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
4D Printing

scholarly journals 4D printing of polymeric materials for tissue and organ regeneration

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 577-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shida Miao ◽  
Nathan Castro ◽  
Margaret Nowicki ◽  
Lang Xia ◽  
Haitao Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
4D Printing ◽  
Organ Regeneration

scholarly journals Structural Parameters Influencing the Shape Memory of New Polymeric Materials Designed for 4D Printing

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Laura-Nicoleta Dragomir ◽  
Augusta Raluca Gabor ◽  
Ștefan-Ovidiu Dima ◽  
Doina Dimonie
Keyword(s):  
Shape Memory ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
4D Printing

Smart polymeric materials with shape memory are those materials that exist [...]

scholarly journals Review of Polymeric Materials in 4D Printing Biomedical Applications

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-You Shie ◽  
Yu-Fang Shen ◽  
Suryani Dyah Astuti ◽  
Alvin Kai-Xing Lee ◽  
Shu-Hsien Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Smart Materials ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
4D Printing ◽  
Current Application ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Over Time

The purpose of 4D printing is to embed a product design into a deformable smart material using a traditional 3D printer. The 3D printed object can be assembled or transformed into intended designs by applying certain conditions or forms of stimulation such as temperature, pressure, humidity, pH, wind, or light. Simply put, 4D printing is a continuum of 3D printing technology that is now able to print objects which change over time. In previous studies, many smart materials were shown to have 4D printing characteristics. In this paper, we specifically review the current application, respective activation methods, characteristics, and future prospects of various polymeric materials in 4D printing, which are expected to contribute to the development of 4D printing polymeric materials and technology.

The Resolution and Contrast in Biological Sections Determined by Inelastic and Elastic Scattering

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 224-225
Author(s):  
D. L. Misell
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Elastic Scattering ◽  
Inelastic Scattering ◽  
Amorphous Carbon ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Quantitative Estimates ◽  
Elastic Ratio

In the electron microscopy of biological sections the adverse effect of chromatic aberration on image resolution is well known. In this paper calculations are presented for the inelastic and elastic image intensities using a wave-optical formulation. Quantitative estimates of the deterioration in image resolution as a result of chromatic aberration are presented as an alternative to geometric calculations. The predominance of inelastic scattering in the unstained biological and polymeric materials is shown by the inelastic to elastic ratio, I/E, within an objective aperture of 0.005 rad for amorphous carbon of a thickness, t=50nm, typical of biological sections; E=200keV, I/E=16.

Application Of Electron Microscopy To Automotive Finish Defect Analysis

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-259
Author(s):  
Martin J. Mahon ◽  
Patrick W. Keating ◽  
John T. McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Zero Tolerance ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Plant Management ◽  
Defect Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Cutting Out ◽  
Foreign Materials ◽  
Automotive Finish

Coatings are applied to appliances, instruments and automobiles for a variety of reasons including corrosion protection and enhancement of market value. Automobile finishes are a highly complex blend of polymeric materials which have a definite impact on the eventual ability of a car to sell. Consumers report that the gloss of the finish is one of the major items they look for in an automobile.With the finish being such an important part of the automobile, there is a zero tolerance for paint defects by auto assembly plant management. Owing to the increased complexity of the paint matrix and its inability to be “forgiving” when foreign materials are introduced into a newly applied finish, the analysis of paint defects has taken on unparalleled importance. Scanning electron microscopy with its attendant x-ray analysis capability is the premier method of examining defects and attempting to identify their root cause.Defects are normally examined by cutting out a coupon sized portion of the autobody and viewing in an SEM at various angles.

Colloidal systems in soils

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 64-65
Author(s):  
J. Thieme ◽  
J. Niemeyer ◽  
P. Guttman
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Colloidal Systems ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
Aggregation Phenomena ◽  
Iron And Manganese ◽  
Soil Colloids

In soil science the fraction of colloids in soils is understood as particles with diameters smaller than 2μm. Clay minerals, aquoxides of iron and manganese, humic substances, and other polymeric materials are found in this fraction. The spatial arrangement (microstructure) is controlled by the substantial structure of the colloids, by the chemical composition of the soil solution, and by thesoil biota. This microstructure determines among other things the diffusive mass flow within the soils and as a result the availability of substances for chemical and microbiological reactions. The turnover of nutrients, the adsorption of toxicants and the weathering of soil clay minerals are examples of these surface mediated reactions. Due to their high specific surface area, the soil colloids are the most reactive species in this respect. Under the chemical conditions in soils, these minerals are associated in larger aggregates. The accessibility of reactive sites for these reactions on the surface of the colloids is reduced by this aggregation. To determine the turnover rates of chemicals within these aggregates it is highly desirable to visualize directly these aggregation phenomena.

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