EEG neurofeedback improves cycling time to exhaustion

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the requirement of protein in pre-exercise carbohydrate drinks for optimal endurance performance at high intensity and post-exercise fatigue recovery.Methods: Endurance performance at 85% V.⁢O2peak of young men (age 20 ± 0.9 years, V.⁢2peak 49.3 ± 0.3 L/min) was measured for two consecutive days using cycling time to exhaustion and total work exerted 2 h after three isocaloric supplementations: RICE (50 g, protein: 1.8 g), n = 7; SOY + RICE (50 g, protein: 4.8 g), n = 7; and WHEY + RICE (50 g, protein: 9.2 g), n = 7.Results: Endurance performance was similar for the three supplemented conditions. Nevertheless, maximal cycling time and total exerted work from Day 1 to Day 2 were improved in the WHEY + RICE (+21%, p = 0.05) and SOY-RICE (+16%, p = 0.10) supplemented conditions, not the RICE supplemented condition. Increases in plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) were observed 1 h after exercise regardless of supplemented conditions. Plasma creatine kinase remained unchanged after exercise for all three supplemented conditions. Increases in ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) after exercise were small and similar for the three supplemented conditions.Conclusion: Adding protein into carbohydrate drinks provides no immediate benefit in endurance performance and antioxidant capacity yet enhances fatigue recovery for the next day. Soy-containing carbohydrate drink, despite 50% less protein content, shows similar fatigue recovery efficacy to the whey protein-containing carbohydrate drink. These results suggest the importance of dietary nitrogen sources in fatigue recovery after exercise.

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Reproducibility of the Cycling Time to Exhaustion at in Highly Trained Cyclists

Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1139/h03-046 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 605-615 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Paul B. Laursen ◽

Cecilia M. Shing ◽

David G. Jenkins

Keyword(s):

Aerobic Power ◽

Cycling Performance ◽

Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽

Time To Exhaustion ◽

Subject Variability ◽

Progressive Exercise ◽

Two Measures ◽

The Mean ◽

Cycling Time ◽

Within Subject Variability

The purpose of the present study was to examine, in highly trained cyclists, the reproducibility of cycling time to exhaustion (Tmax) at the power output equal to that attained at peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) during a progressive exercise test. Forty-three highly trained male cyclists (M ± SD; age = 25 + 6 yrs; weight = 75 ± 7 kg; [Formula: see text] = 64.8 ± 5.2 mlùkg−1•min−1) performed two Tmax tests one week apart. While the two measures of Tmax were strongly related (r = 0.884; p < 0.001), Tmax from the second test (245 ± 57 s) was significantly higher than that of the first (237 ± 57 s; p = 0.047; two-tailed). Within-subject variability in the present study was calculated to be 6 ± 6%, which was lower than that previously reported for Tmax in sub-elite runners (25%). The mean Tmax was significantly (p < 0.05) related to both the second ventilatory turnpoint (VT2; r = 0.38) and to [Formula: see text] (r = 0.34). Despite a relatively low within-subject coefficient of variation, these data demonstrate that the second score in a series of two Tmax tests may be significantly greater than the first. Moreover, the present data show that Tmax in highly trained cyclists is moderately related to VT2 and [Formula: see text]Key words: maximal aerobic power, endurance, fatigue, anaerobic threshold, cycling performance

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Combining heat stress and moderate hypoxia reduces cycling time to exhaustion without modifying neuromuscular fatigue characteristics

European Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1007/s00421-014-2883-0 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 114 (7) ◽

pp. 1521-1532 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Olivier Girard ◽

Sébastien Racinais

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Neuromuscular Fatigue ◽

Time To Exhaustion ◽

Moderate Hypoxia ◽

Fatigue Characteristics ◽

Cycling Time

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Effects of Isocaloric Carbohydrate vs. Carbohydrate-Protein Supplements on Cycling Time to Exhaustion

The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research ◽

10.1519/jsc.0b013e318248d774 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 1361-1365 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kristy L. Richardson ◽

Jared W. Coburn ◽

William C. Beam ◽

Lee E. Brown

Keyword(s):

Time To Exhaustion ◽

Protein Supplements ◽

Cycling Time

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Ingestion of Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) Following a Fatiguing Bout of Exercise Accelerates Postexercise Acid-Base Balance Recovery and Improves Subsequent High-Intensity Cycling Time to Exhaustion

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0065 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (5) ◽

pp. 429-438 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lewis A. Gough ◽

Steven Rimmer ◽

Callum J. Osler ◽

Matthew F. Higgins

Keyword(s):

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Body Mass ◽

High Intensity ◽

Recovery Period ◽

Time To Exhaustion ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Base Balance ◽

Experimental Trials ◽

Cycling Time

This study evaluated the ingestion of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on postexercise acid-base balance recovery kinetics and subsequent high-intensity cycling time to exhaustion. In a counterbalanced, crossover design, nine healthy and active males (age: 23 ± 2 years, height: 179 ± 5 cm, body mass: 74 ± 9 kg, peak mean minute power (Wpeak) 256 ± 45 W, peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) 46 ± 8 ml.kg-1.min-1) performed a graded incremental exercise test, two familiarization and two experimental trials. Experimental trials consisted of cycling to volitional exhaustion (TLIM1) at 100% WPEAK on two occasions (TLIM1 and TLIM2) interspersed by a 90 min passive recovery period. Using a double-blind approach, 30 min into a 90 min recovery period participants ingested either 0.3 g.kg-1 body mass sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or a placebo (PLA) containing 0.1 g.kg-1 body mass sodium chloride (NaCl) mixed with 4 ml.kg-1 tap water and 1 ml.kg-1 orange squash. The mean differences between TLIM2 and TLIM1 was larger for PLA compared with NaHCO3 (-53 ± 53 vs. -20 ± 48 s; p = .008, d = 0.7, CI =-0.3, 1.6), indicating superior subsequent exercise time to exhaustion following NaHCO3. Blood lactate [Bla-] was similar between treatments post TLIM1, but greater for NaHCO3 post TLIM2 and 5 min post TLIM2. Ingestion of NaHCO3 induced marked increases (p < .01) in both blood pH (+0.07 ± 0.02, d = 2.6, CI = 1.2, 3.7) and bicarbonate ion concentration [HCO3-] (+6.8 ± 1.6 mmo.l-1, d = 3.4, CI = 1.8, 4.7) compared with the PLA treatment, before TLIM2. It is likely both the acceleration of recovery, and the marked increases of acid-base after TLIM1 contributed to greater TLIM2 performance compared with the PLA condition.

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