scholarly journals Pre-exercise Carbohydrate Drink Adding Protein Improves Post-exercise Fatigue Recovery

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Yi-Wey Tan ◽  
Sareena-Hanim Hamzah ◽  
Chih-Yang Huang ◽  
Chia-Hua Kuo
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Exercise Fatigue ◽  
Fatigue Recovery ◽  
Cycling Time

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the requirement of protein in pre-exercise carbohydrate drinks for optimal endurance performance at high intensity and post-exercise fatigue recovery.Methods: Endurance performance at 85% V.⁢O2peak of young men (age 20 ± 0.9 years, V.⁢2peak 49.3 ± 0.3 L/min) was measured for two consecutive days using cycling time to exhaustion and total work exerted 2 h after three isocaloric supplementations: RICE (50 g, protein: 1.8 g), n = 7; SOY + RICE (50 g, protein: 4.8 g), n = 7; and WHEY + RICE (50 g, protein: 9.2 g), n = 7.Results: Endurance performance was similar for the three supplemented conditions. Nevertheless, maximal cycling time and total exerted work from Day 1 to Day 2 were improved in the WHEY + RICE (+21%, p = 0.05) and SOY-RICE (+16%, p = 0.10) supplemented conditions, not the RICE supplemented condition. Increases in plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) were observed 1 h after exercise regardless of supplemented conditions. Plasma creatine kinase remained unchanged after exercise for all three supplemented conditions. Increases in ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) after exercise were small and similar for the three supplemented conditions.Conclusion: Adding protein into carbohydrate drinks provides no immediate benefit in endurance performance and antioxidant capacity yet enhances fatigue recovery for the next day. Soy-containing carbohydrate drink, despite 50% less protein content, shows similar fatigue recovery efficacy to the whey protein-containing carbohydrate drink. These results suggest the importance of dietary nitrogen sources in fatigue recovery after exercise.

scholarly journals Lactobacillus salivarius Subspecies salicinius SA-03 is a New Probiotic Capable of Enhancing Exercise Performance and Decreasing Fatigue

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mon-Chien Lee ◽  
Yi-Ju Hsu ◽  
Hsieh-Hsun Ho ◽  
Shih-Hung Hsieh ◽  
Yi-Wei Kuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Nutritional Supplement ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Lactobacillus Salivarius ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Natural Flora ◽  
Improve Exercise Performance ◽  
Exercise Fatigue

Probiotics are increasingly being used as a nutritional supplement by athletes to improve exercise performance and reduce post-exercise fatigue. Lactobacillus salivarius is a natural flora in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. Lactobacillus salivarius subspecies salicinius (SA-03) is an isolate from the 2008 Olympic women’s 48 kg weightlifting gold medalist’s gut microbiota. In this study, we investigated its beneficial effects on physical fitness. Male ICR mice were divided into four groups (n = 10 per group) and orally administered with SA-03 for 4 weeks at 0, 2.05 × 109, 4.10 × 109, or 1.03 × 1010 CFU/kg/day. Results showed that 4 weeks of SA-03 supplementation significantly improved muscle strength and endurance performance, increased hepatic and muscular glycogen storage, and decreased lactate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), ammonia, and creatine kinase (CK) levels after exercise. These observations suggest that SA-03 could be used as a nutritional supplement to enhance exercise performance and reduce.

EEG neurofeedback improves cycling time to exhaustion

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 101944
Author(s):  
Francesca Mottola ◽  
Anthony Blanchfield ◽  
James Hardy ◽  
Andrew Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Eeg Neurofeedback ◽  
Cycling Time

Electrically-induced quadriceps fatigue in the contralateral leg impairs ipsilateral knee extensors performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Giuseppe Laginestra ◽  
Markus Amann ◽  
Emine Kirmizi ◽  
Gaia Giuriato ◽  
Chiara Barbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Central Fatigue ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Voluntary Exercise ◽  
Peripheral Fatigue ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Motor Drive ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Crossover Effect ◽  
The Impact

Muscle fatigue induced by voluntary exercise, which requires central motor drive, causes central fatigue that impairs endurance performance of a different, non-fatigued muscle. This study investigated the impact of quadriceps fatigue induced by electrically-induced (no central motor drive) contractions on single-leg knee-extension (KE) performance of the subsequently exercising ipsilateral quadriceps. On two separate occasions, eight males completed constant-load (85% of maximal power-output) KE exercise to exhaustion. In a counterbalanced manner, subjects performed the KE exercise with no pre-existing quadriceps fatigue in the contralateral leg on one day (No-PreF), while on the other day, the same KE exercise was repeated following electrically-induced quadriceps fatigue in the contralateral leg (PreF). Quadriceps fatigue was assessed by evaluating pre- to post-exercise changes in potentiated twitch force (ΔQtw,pot; peripheral-fatigue), and voluntary muscle activation (ΔVA; central-fatigue). As reflected by the 57±11% reduction in electrically-evoked pulse force, the electrically-induced fatigue protocol caused significant knee-extensors fatigue. KE endurance time to exhaustion was shorter during PreF compared to No-PreF (4.6±1.2 vs 7.7±2.4 min; p<0.01). While ΔQtw,pot was significantly larger in No-PreF compared to PreF (-60% vs -52%, p<0.05), ΔVA was greater in PreF (-14% vs -10%, p<0.05). Taken together, electrically-induced quadriceps fatigue in the contralateral leg limits KE endurance performance and the development of peripheral fatigue in the ipsilateral leg. These findings support the hypothesis that the crossover-effect of central fatigue is mainly mediated by group III/IV muscle afferent feedback and suggest that impairments associated with central motor drive may only play a minor role in this phenomenon.

The effect of nitrogen source on the in vitro cellulose digestion of chemically treated oat straw and poplar wood

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. O. A. Adeleye ◽  
W. D. Kitts
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Energy Fraction ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Micro Organisms

The gross energy of forages can be classified into three fractions, namely the unavailable fraction, the digestible energy fraction and the potentially digestible energy (PDE) fraction. The PDE fraction can only be made available by appropriate treatment and supplementation (Pigden & Heaney, 1969). In young forages the PDE fraction is relatively insignificant, but as the plant matures, the PDE fraction increases very rapidly. By treating matured forages with delignifying agents, increased nutrient digestibilities have been demonstrated Chandra & Jackson, 1971; Wilson & Pigden, 1964), but no significant improvement on the voluntary intake was achieved unless the treated material was supplemented with a source of nitrogen (Donefer, Adeleye & Jones, 1969). While Zafren (1960) used ammonium hydroxide (NH40H) as the treatment alkali, with the claim that the ammonium acetate resulting from the neutralization of the excess alkali could serve as an extra source of nitrogen in the treated straw, other investigators (Donefer et al. 1969) have adopted the method of supplementing the treated straw with a source of nitrogen. Since the efficiency with which dietary nitrogen is converted to microbial nitrogen in the rumen has a considerable influence on the efficiency the animal as a whole, studies herein reported were carried out to test the effectiveness with which rumen micro-organisms utilize different nitrogen sources in degrading cellulose in vitro.

scholarly journals Sporting myths: the REAL role of lactate during exercise

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Mann
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Early Exercise ◽  
Important Intermediate ◽  
Lactate Formation ◽  
Exercise Muscle

Background. Lactate or, as it was customarily known, ‘lactic acid’ was one of the first molecules to attract the attention of early exercise scientists, mainly because blood lactate concentration could be measured and was shown to increase with increasing exercise intensity. This connection resulted in lactate being associated with numerous other events associated with high-intensity exercise including muscle cramps, fatigue, acidosis and post-exercise muscle soreness. Nobel prize-winning research by AV Hill and Otto Meyerhof provided a rational explanation linking lactate to anaerobiosis and acidosis, which resulted in this relationship being widely accepted as fact. It was only following isotopic tracer studies of George Brooks and others that the true role of lactate during rest and exercise was revealed. Conclusions. Lactate is now acknowledged as an important intermediate of carbohydrate metabolism, taken up from the blood by tissues such as skeletal and cardiac muscle as a substrate for oxidation. Furthermore, lactate formation consumes a proton, thereby buffering against muscle acidosis. For this reason, lactate production forms an essential aid to endurance performance rather than a hindrance.

scholarly journals The Physiological Effects of Amino Acids Arginine and Citrulline: Is There a Basis for Development of a Beverage to Promote Endurance Performance? A Narrative Review of Orally Administered Supplements

Beverages ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hollie Speer ◽  
Nathan M. D’Cunha ◽  
Michael J. Davies ◽  
Andrew J. McKune ◽  
Nenad Naumovski
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
No Production ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Physiological Benefits ◽  
Endothelial Nitric Oxide

Nutritional and ergogenic aid supplementation is prevalent within athletic or general fitness populations, and is only continuing to gain momentum. Taken in isolation or as a combination, amino acid (AA) supplementation has the potential to increase endurance performance among other benefits. L-Arginine (L-Arg) and L-Citrulline (L-Cit) are two AAs proposed to increase endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, with potential additional physiological benefits, and therefore may contribute to enhanced performance outcomes such as increased power output, or time to exhaustion. However, the appropriate dose for promoting physiological and performance benefits of these AAs, and their potential synergistic effects remains to be determined. Therefore, the aim of this review was to evaluate the varied concentrations used in the current literature, assess the effects of L-Arg and L-Cit in combination on physiological responses and endurance performance, and consider if there is a fundamental basis for providing these supplements in the form of a beverage. A total of six studies were considered eligible for the review which utilized a range of 3–8 g of the AA constituents. The findings support the notion that supplementing with a combination of L-Arg and L-Cit may increase NO production, enhance vasodilation, and therefore increase performance capacity in athletes. A beverage as a carrier for the two AAs is worth considering; however, there remains limited research assessing these outcomes across a consistent range of concentrations in order to see their full potential.

The effect of dietary asynchrony on rumen nitrogen recycling in sheep

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 70-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Holder ◽  
P.J. Buttery ◽  
P.C. Garnsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Nitrogen Recycling ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Dietary Nutrients ◽  
Rumen Nitrogen ◽  
Energy Components

Recent work (Sinclair et al. 1993) has suggested that synchronising the rate of rumen breakdown and availability of dietary energy and nitrogenous components can increase capture of rumen degradable nitrogen and improve efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. For rumen bacteria to function efficiently they require a supply of both energy and nitrogen sources together i.e a synchronous diet. Nitrogen recycling between the blood and the rumen is a major contributor to the nitrogen economy of the animal and supplies substantial quantities of nitrogen to the rumen bacteria (Kennedy & Milligan 1980). The amount of nitrogen recycled to the rumen is diet dependant. This dependency may not solely be due to the levels of dietary nutrients but also to their rate of breakdown and availability to the rumen bacteria. The predominant mechanism controlling nitrogen recycling between the blood and the rumen appears to be rumen ammonia concentration It has been suggested that the recycling of nitrogen between the blood urea pool and the rumen ammonia pool may be able to compensate for periods of dietary nitrogen deficiency in the rumen due to the asynchrony of availability of the nitrogen and energy components to the rumen bacteria.

scholarly journals Global Survey of Canonical Aspergillus flavus G Protein-Coupled Receptors

mBio ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharyn J. Affeldt ◽  
Joseph Carrig ◽  
Meareg Amare ◽  
Nancy P. Keller
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
G Protein Coupled

ABSTRACTG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are transmembrane receptors that relay signals from the external environment inside the cell, allowing an organism to adapt to its surroundings. They are known to detect a vast array of ligands, including sugars, amino acids, pheromone peptides, nitrogen sources, oxylipins, and light. Despite their prevalence in fungal genomes, very little is known about the functions of filamentous fungal GPCRs. Here we present the first full-genome assessment of fungal GPCRs through characterization of null mutants of all 15 GPCRs encoded by the aflatoxin-producing fungusAspergillus flavus. All strains were assessed for growth, development, ability to produce aflatoxin, and response to carbon sources, nitrogen sources, stress agents, and lipids. Most GPCR mutants were aberrant in one or more response processes, possibly indicative of cross talk in downstream signaling pathways. Interestingly, the biological defects of the mutants did not correspond with assignment to established GPCR classes; this is likely due to the paucity of data for characterized fungal GPCRs. Many of the GPCR transcripts were differentially regulated under various conditions as well. The data presented here provide an extensive overview of the full set of GPCRs encoded byA. flavusand provide a framework for analysis in other fungal species.IMPORTANCEAspergillus flavusis an opportunistic pathogen of crops and animals, including humans, and it produces a carcinogenic toxin called aflatoxin. Because of this,A. flavusaccounts for food shortages and economic losses in addition to sickness and death. Effective means of combating this pathogen are needed to mitigate its deleterious effects. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are often used as therapeutic targets due to their signal specificity, and it is estimated that half of all drugs target GPCRs. In fungi such asA. flavus, GPCRs are likely necessary for sensing the changes in the environment, including food sources, developmental signals, stress agents, and signals from other organisms. Therefore, elucidating their functions inA. flavuscould identify ideal receptors against which to develop antagonists.

Study on Efficient Central Fatigue Detection Scheme

2013 ◽  
Vol 312 ◽  
pp. 615-619
Author(s):  
Yi Xiong ◽  
Wen Tao Su
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Central Fatigue ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Generation Mechanism ◽  
Detection Scheme ◽  
Exercise Fatigue ◽  
Fatigue Detection ◽  
Fatigue Recovery

The growing sports training load and the more prone to fatigue will directly affect the athletes fatigue recovery, and improvement of athletic performance, so the research of the generation mechanism of fatigue and effective way to eliminate fatigue is increasingly important. Scientists gradually put the fatigue prevention and recovery promotion on a day-to-day research work. As a kind of exercise fatigue, central fatigue during exercise has increasingly become the focus of attention. This paper mainly explains the central fatigue mechanisms and detection.

Chocolate Milk as a Post-Exercise Recovery Aid

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason R. Karp ◽  
Jeanne D. Johnston ◽  
Sandra Tecklenburg ◽  
Timothy D. Mickleborough ◽  
Alyce D. Fly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Chocolate Milk ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Post Exercise Recovery ◽  
Single Blind

Nine male, endurance-trained cyclists performed an interval workout followed by 4 h of recovery, and a subsequent endurance trial to exhaustion at 70% VO2max, on three separate days. Immediately following the first exercise bout and 2 h of recovery, subjects drank isovolumic amounts of chocolate milk, fluid replacement drink (FR), or carbohydrate replacement drink (CR), in a single-blind, randomized design. Carbohydrate content was equivalent for chocolate milk and CR. Time to exhaustion (TTE), average heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and total work (WT) for the endurance exercise were compared between trials. TTE and WT were significantly greater for chocolate milk and FR trials compared to CR trial. The results of this study suggest that chocolate milk is an effective recovery aid between two exhausting exercise bouts.

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