A high-resolution and regional-scale reconstruction of quantified land-use and floristic diversity change AD 1800-2008 based on a lake sediment pollen record from southern Sweden

2012 ◽  
Vol 279-280 ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Daniel Fredh
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Lake Sediment ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Pollen Record ◽  
Floristic Diversity ◽  
Southern Sweden

scholarly journals The impact of land-use change on floristic diversity at regional scale in southern Sweden 600 BC–AD 2008

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 3159-3173 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Fredh ◽  
A. Broström ◽  
M. Rundgren ◽  
P. Lagerås ◽  
F. Mazier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Floristic Diversity ◽  
Vegetation Response ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Palynological Richness

Abstract. This study explores the relationship between land-use and floristic diversity between 600 BC and AD 2008 in the uplands of southern Sweden. We use fossil pollen assemblages and the Regional Estimates of Vegetation Abundance from Large Sites (REVEALS) model to quantitatively reconstruct land cover at a regional scale. Floristic richness and evenness are estimated using palynological richness and REVEALS-based evenness, respectively. We focus on the period AD 350 to 750 to investigate the impact of an inferred, short-lived (< 200 yr) period of land-use expansion and subsequent land abandonment on vegetation composition and floristic diversity. The observed vegetation response is compared to that recorded during the transition from traditional to modern land-use management at the end of the 19th century. Our results suggest that agricultural land use was most widespread between AD 350 and 1850, which correlates broadly with high values of palynological richness. REVEALS-based evenness was highest between AD 500 and 1600 which indicates a more equal cover among taxa during this time interval. Palynological richness increased during the inferred land-use expansion after AD 350 and decreased during the subsequent regression AD 550–750, while REVEALS-based evenness increased throughout this period. The values of palynological richness during the last few decades are within the range observed during the last 1650 yr. However, REVEALS-based evenness shows much lower values during the last century compared to the previous ca. 2600 yr, which indicates that the composition of present-day vegetation is unusual in a millennial perspective. Our results show that regional scale changes in land use have had clear impacts on floristic diversity in southern Sweden, with a vegetation response time of less than 20 to 50 yr. We show the importance of traditional land use to attain high biodiversity and suggest that ecosystem management should include a regional landscape perspective.

scholarly journals The impact of land-use change on floristic diversity at regional scale in southern Sweden 600 BC–AD 2008

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 19085-19120
Author(s):  
D. Fredh ◽  
A. Broström ◽  
M. Rundgren ◽  
P. Lagerås ◽  
F. Mazier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Floristic Diversity ◽  
Vegetation Response ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Palynological Richness

Abstract. This study explores the relationship between land-use and floristic diversity between 600 BC and AD 2008 in the uplands of southern Sweden. We use fossil pollen assemblages and the Regional Estimates of Vegetation Abundance from Large Sites (REVEALS) model to quantitatively reconstruct land-cover at a regional scale. Floristic richness and evenness are estimated using palynological richness and REVEALS-based evenness, respectively. We focus on the period AD 350 to 750 to investigate the impact of an inferred, short-lived (< 200 yr) period of land-use expansion and subsequent land abandonment on vegetation composition and floristic diversity. The observed vegetation response is compared to that recorded during the transition from traditional to modern land-use management at the end of the 19th century. Our results suggest that agricultural land-use was most widespread between AD 350 and 1850, which correlates broadly with high values of palynological richness. REVEALS-based evenness was highest between AD 500 and 1600 which indicates a more equal distribution among taxa during this time interval. Palynological richness increased during the inferred land-use expansion after AD 350 and decreased during the subsequent regression AD 550–750, while REVEALS-based increased throughout this period. The values of palynological richness during the last few decades are within the range observed during the last 1650 yr. However, REVEALS-based evenness shows much lower values during the last century compared to the previous ca. 2600 yr, which indicates that the distribution of present day vegetation is unusual in a millennial perspective. Our results show that regional scale changes in land-use have had clear impacts on floristic diversity in southern Sweden, with a vegetation response time of less than 20 to 50 yr. We show the importance of traditional land-use to attain high biodiversity and suggest that ecosystem management should include a regional landscape perspective.

scholarly journals The effect of local land-use changes on floristic diversity during the past 1000 years in southern Sweden

The Holocene ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 694-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Fredh ◽  
Florence Mazier ◽  
Petra Bragée ◽  
Per Lagerås ◽  
Mats Rundgren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Floristic Diversity ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Land Use Pattern ◽  
Landscape Characteristics ◽  
Heterogeneous Landscape

The relationship between land-use and floristic diversity in the landscape, for the last millennia, is analysed from two small lakes in southern Sweden. Pollen analysis and the Local Vegetation Estimates (LOVE) model are used to quantify land-cover at local scales with 100-year time windows. Floristic richness is estimated using palynological richness, and we introduce LOVE-based evenness as a proxy for floristic evenness on a local scale based on the LOVE output. The results reveal a dynamic land-use pattern, with agricultural expansion during the 13th century, a partly abandoned landscape around AD 1400, re-establishment during the 15th–17th centuries and a transition from traditional to modern land-use during the 20th century. We suggest that the more heterogeneous landscape and the more dynamic land-use during the 13th–19th centuries were of substantial importance for achieving the high floristic diversity that characterises the traditional landscape. Pollen-based studies of this type are helpful in identifying landscape characteristics and land-use practices that are important for floristic diversity and may therefore guide the development of ecosystem management strategies aiming at mitigating the on-going loss of species seen in the landscape of southern Sweden and many other regions worldwide.

scholarly journals Climate change, re-/afforestation, and urbanisation impacts on evapotranspiration and streamflow in Europe

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriaan J. Teuling ◽  
Emile de Badts ◽  
Femke A. Jansen ◽  
Richard Fuchs ◽  
Joost Buitink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Large River ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
The 1950S

Abstract. Since the 1950s, Europe has seen large shifts in climate and land cover. Previous assessments of past and future changes in evapotranspiration or streamflow have either focussed on land use/cover or climate contributions, or have focussed on individual catchments under specific climate conditions. Here, we aim to understand how decadal changes in climate (e.g., precipitation, temperature) and land use (e.g., de-/afforestation, urbanization) have impacted the amount and distribution of water resources availability across Europe since the 1950s. To this end, we simulate the distribution of green and blue water fluxes at high-resolution (1 × 1 km) by combining (a) a steady-state Budyko model for water balance partitioning constrained by long-term (lysimeter) observations across different land-use types, (b) a novel decadal high-resolution historical land use reconstruction, and (c) gridded observations of key meteorological variables. The continental-scale patterns in the simulations agree well with coarser-scale observation-based estimates of evapotranspiration, and also with observed changes in streamflow from small basins across Europe. We find that strong shifts in the continental-scale patterns of evapotranspiration and streamflow have occured from 1950 to 2010. In Sweden, for example, increased precipitation dominates effects of large scale re- and afforestation leading to increases in both streamflow and evapotranspiration. In most of the Mediterrenean, decreased precipitation combines with increased forest cover and potential evapotranspiration to reduce streamflow. In spite of local and regional scale complexity, the Europe-wide net contribution of land use, precipitation and potential evapotranspiration changes to changes in ET is similar with around ~ 40 km3/y, equivalent to the discharge of a large river. For streamflow, changes in precipitation dominate land use and potential evapotranspiration contributions with ~ 90 km3/y compared to ~ 45 km3/y. Locally, increased forest cover and urbanisation have lead to significant decreases and increases of available streamflow.

Regional Vegetation Histories: An Overview of the Pollen Evidence from the Central Mediterranean

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina Kouli ◽  
Alessia Masi ◽  
Anna Maria Mercuri ◽  
Assunta Florenzano ◽  
Laura Sadori
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Human Impact ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Great Variability ◽  
Vegetation Patterns ◽  
Pollen Record ◽  
Central Mediterranean ◽  
Temporal Fluctuations ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study

Abstract Vegetation patterns during the 1st millennium AD in the central Mediterranean, exhibit a great variability, due to the richness of these habitats and the continuous shaping of the environment by human societies. Variations in land use, witnessed in the pollen record, reflect the role that local vegetation and environmental conditions played in the choices made by local societies. The interdisciplinary study of off-site cores remains the key evidence for palaeoenvironmental transformations mirroring the ‘semi-natural’ vegetation, and revealing temporal fluctuations and the amount of human impact on a regional scale.

scholarly journals Toward regional hazard risk assessment: a method to geospatially inventory critical coastal infrastructure applied to the Caribbean

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin Becker ◽  
Noah Hallisey ◽  
Gerald Bove
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
The Caribbean

AbstractHurricanes and sea level rise pose significant threats to infrastructure and critical services (e.g., air and sea travel, water treatment), and can hinder sustainable development of major economic sectors (e.g., tourism, agriculture, and international commerce). Planning for a disaster-resilient future requires high-resolution, standardized data. However, few standardized approaches exist for identifying, inventorying, and quantifying infrastructure lands at risk from natural hazards. This research presents a cost effective, standardized and replicable method to geospatially inventory critical coastal infrastructure land use and components, for use in risk assessments or other regional analyses. While traditional approaches to geospatial inventorying rely on remote sensing or techniques, such as object-based image analysis (OBIA) to estimate land use, the current approach utilizes widely available satellite imagery and a “standard operating procedure” that guides individual mappers through the process, ensuring replicability and confidence. As a pilot study to develop an approach that can be replicated for other regions, this manuscript focuses on the Caribbean. Small islands rely heavily on a small number of critical coastal infrastructure (airports, seaports, power plants, water and wastewater treatment facilities) and climate related hazards threaten sustainable development and economic growth. The Caribbean is a large and diverse area, and gaps exist between countries in the resources required for planning but much of the region lacks a comprehensive inventory of the land, infrastructure, and assets at risk. Identifying and prioritizing infrastructure at risk is the first step towards preserving the region’s economy and planning for a disaster resilient future. This manuscript uses high resolution satellite imagery to identify and geo-spatially classify critical infrastructure land area and assets, such as structures, equipment, and impervious surfaces. We identified 386 critical coastal infrastructure facilities across 28 Caribbean nations/territories, with over 19,000 ha of coastal land dedicated to critical infrastructure. The approach establishes a new standard for the creation of geospatial data to assess land use change, risk, and other research questions suitable for the regional scale, but with sufficient resolution such that individual facilities can utilize the data for local-scale analysis.

scholarly journals Floristic diversity in the transition from traditional to modern land-use in southern Sweden a.d. 1800–2008

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 439-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Fredh ◽  
Anna Broström ◽  
Lovisa Zillén ◽  
Florence Mazier ◽  
Mats Rundgren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Floristic Diversity ◽  
Southern Sweden

scholarly journals Climate change, reforestation/afforestation, and urbanization impacts on evapotranspiration and streamflow in Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 3631-3652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriaan J. Teuling ◽  
Emile A. G. de Badts ◽  
Femke A. Jansen ◽  
Richard Fuchs ◽  
Joost Buitink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The 1950S

Abstract. Since the 1950s, Europe has undergone large shifts in climate and land cover. Previous assessments of past and future changes in evapotranspiration or streamflow have either focussed on land use/cover or climate contributions or on individual catchments under specific climate conditions, but not on all aspects at larger scales. Here, we aim to understand how decadal changes in climate (e.g. precipitation, temperature) and land use (e.g. deforestation/afforestation, urbanization) have impacted the amount and distribution of water resource availability (both evapotranspiration and streamflow) across Europe since the 1950s. To this end, we simulate the distribution of average evapotranspiration and streamflow at high resolution (1 km2) by combining (a) a steady-state Budyko model for water balance partitioning constrained by long-term (lysimeter) observations across different land use types, (b) a novel decadal high-resolution historical land use reconstruction, and (c) gridded observations of key meteorological variables. The continental-scale patterns in the simulations agree well with coarser-scale observation-based estimates of evapotranspiration and also with observed changes in streamflow from small basins across Europe. We find that strong shifts in the continental-scale patterns of evapotranspiration and streamflow have occurred between the period around 1960 and 2010. In much of central-western Europe, our results show an increase in evapotranspiration of the order of 5 %–15 % between 1955–1965 and 2005–2015, whereas much of the Scandinavian peninsula shows increases exceeding 15 %. The Iberian Peninsula and other parts of the Mediterranean show a decrease of the order of 5 %–15 %. A similar north–south gradient was found for changes in streamflow, although changes in central-western Europe were generally small. Strong decreases and increases exceeding 45 % were found in parts of the Iberian and Scandinavian peninsulas, respectively. In Sweden, for example, increased precipitation is a larger driver than large-scale reforestation and afforestation, leading to increases in both streamflow and evapotranspiration. In most of the Mediterranean, decreased precipitation combines with increased forest cover and potential evapotranspiration to reduce streamflow. In spite of considerable local- and regional-scale complexity, the response of net actual evapotranspiration to changes in land use, precipitation, and potential evaporation is remarkably uniform across Europe, increasing by ∼ 35–60 km3 yr−1, equivalent to the discharge of a large river. For streamflow, effects of changes in precipitation (∼ 95 km3 yr−1) dominate land use and potential evapotranspiration contributions (∼ 45–60 km3 yr−1). Locally, increased forest cover, forest stand age, and urbanization have led to significant decreases and increases in available streamflow, even in catchments that are considered to be near-natural.

A Machine Learning Approach to Upscale Net Ecosystem Exchange to a Regional Scale: Integration of Eddy Covariance, Remote Sensing and Reanalysis Data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Reitz ◽  
Alexander Graf ◽  
Marius Schmidt ◽  
Gunnar Ketzler ◽  
Michael Leuchner
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Land Use ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange

&lt;p&gt;Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) is an important factor regarding the impact of land use changes to the global carbon cycle and thus climate change. The Eddy Covariance technique is the most direct way of measuring CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes, however, it provides spatially discontinuous data from a sparse network of stations. Thus, generating high-resolution spatiotemporal products of carbon fluxes remains a major challenge. Machine Learning (ML) techniques are a promising approach to upscale this information to regional and global scales and can thereby help to produce better NEE datasets for earth-system modelling.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our approach uses statistical relationships between NEE, vegetation indices and meteorological variables to train a Random Forest model with spatial feature selection to predict daily NEE values at 1 km spatial resolution for the Rur-catchment area (ca. 2400 km&amp;#178;) in western Germany. Data from twelve Eddy stations of different land use types of the TERENO Network Eifel/Lower Rhine Valley between 2010 and 2018 were used to train and test the ML model. Factors potentially affecting NEE such as vegetation indices (NDVI, EVI, LAI) extracted from MODIS products, incoming solar radiation from Heliosat (SARAH-2) and additional meteorological variables from COSMO REA6 reanalysis products served as independent variables, which were further evaluated in regard to their relative importance for NEE prediction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A novel spatial cross-validation scheme has been applied and compared to a conventional random k-fold cross-validation. This is important for the assessment of the model performance regarding spatial predictions beyond the scope of training locations in contrast to mere data reproduction. Results indicate a lower model performance evaluated with spatial cross-validation and that conventional random cross-validation hence leads to an overoptimistic view of the prediction skills. Nonetheless, the ML approach displayed a feasible way to upscale carbon fluxes to a regional scale utilizing different datasets and produced high-resolution NEE-raster for an entire catchment area.&lt;/p&gt;

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