CORRECTION – Sustainability assessment of circular economy over time: modeling of finite and variable loops & impact distribution among related products

When considering the sustainability of production processes, research studies usually emphasise environmental impacts and do not adequately address economic and social impacts. Toy production is no exception when it comes to assessing sustainability. Previous research on toys has focused solely on assessing environmental aspects and neglected social and economic aspects. This paper presents a sustainability assessment of a toy using environmental life cycle assessment, life cycle costing, and social life cycle assessment. We conducted an inventory analysis and sustainability impact assessment of the toy to identify the hotspots of the system. The main environmental impacts are eutrophication, followed by terrestrial eco-toxicity, acidification, and global warming. The life cycle costing approach examined the economic aspect of the proposed design options for toys, while the social assessment of the alternative designs revealed social impacts along the product life cycle. In addition, different options based on the principles of the circular economy were analysed and proposed in terms of substitution of materials and shortening of transport distances for the toy studied.

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Integrated sustainability assessment of a circular economy

Handbook of the Circular Economy ◽

10.4337/9781788972727.00020 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 147-161

Author(s):

Kristian Skånberg ◽

Anders Wijkman ◽

Mårten Berglund ◽

Göran Finnveden ◽

Miguel Brandão

Keyword(s):

Circular Economy ◽

Sustainability Assessment ◽

Integrated Sustainability

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New Metrics for Spatial and Temporal 3D Urban Form Sustainability Assessment Using Time Series Lidar Point Clouds and Advanced GIS Techniques

Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design ◽

10.5772/intechopen.89617 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sara Shirowzhan ◽

John Trinder ◽

Paul Osmond

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Urban Form ◽

Processing Time ◽

Sustainability Assessment ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Point Clouds ◽

Airborne Lidar ◽

Technical Problems ◽

3D Data ◽

Over Time

Monitoring sustainability of urban form as a 3D phenomenon over time is crucial in the era of smart cities for better planning of the future, and for such a monitoring system, appropriate tools, metrics, methodologies and time series 3D data are required. While accurate time series 3D data are becoming available, a lack of 3D sustainable urban form (3D SUF) metrics, appropriate methodologies and technical problems of processing time series 3D data has resulted in few studies on the assessment of 3D SUF over time. In this chapter, we review volumetric building metrics currently under development and demonstrate the technical problems associated with their validation based on time series airborne lidar data. We propose new metrics for application in spatial and temporal 3D SUF assessment. We also suggest a new approach in processing time series airborne lidar to detect three-dimensional changes of urban form. Using this approach and the developed metrics, we detected a decreased volume of vegetation and new areas prepared for the construction of taller buildings. These 3D changes and the proposed metrics can be used to numerically measure and compare urban areas in terms of trends against or in favor of sustainability goals for caring for the environment.

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Seismic‐Hazard Assessment over Time: Modeling Earthquakes in Taiwan

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America ◽

10.1785/0120160278 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 107 (5) ◽

pp. 2342-2352 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Chung‐Han Chan ◽

Yu Wang ◽

Yu‐Ju Wang ◽

Ya‐Ting Lee

Keyword(s):

Seismic Hazard ◽

Hazard Assessment ◽

Seismic Hazard Assessment ◽

Time Modeling ◽

Over Time

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Transformative Urban Living Labs: Towards a Circular Economy in Amsterdam and Turin

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12187651 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (18) ◽

pp. 7651

Author(s):

Federico Cuomo ◽

Stefania Ravazzi ◽

Federico Savini ◽

Luca Bertolini

Keyword(s):

Circular Economy ◽

Analytical Framework ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Critical Perspective ◽

Site Specific ◽

Urban Living ◽

Wide Range ◽

Systemic Impact ◽

Living Labs ◽

Over Time

The circular economy is becoming a field of experimentation to trigger site-specific laboratories oriented towards connecting material flows and citizens’ practices. Despite their wide use, a critical perspective of the transformative paths of these Urban Living Labs (ULLs) is still missing. This paper compares the paths followed by two such experiments, one in Amsterdam (The Netherlands) and the other in Turin (Italy). To this end, we build an analytical framework that targets three dimensions: unconventionality, autonomy, and systemic impact on policies. We conclude that ULLs can take very different transformation paths over time due to a wide range of enablers and barriers. In Amsterdam there has been an assimilation in the neighbourhood as well as a transformative effect on an urban scale; while the case of Turin has turned out to be potentially transformative but also at risk of marginalization.

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Service life planning and durability in the context of circular economy assessments — initial aspects for review

Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering ◽

10.1139/cjce-2018-0596 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (11) ◽

pp. 1074-1079 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kathryn Bourke ◽

Brian Kyle

Keyword(s):

Service Life ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Building Materials ◽

Sustainability Assessment ◽

Life Cycles ◽

Task Groups ◽

Life Planning ◽

Performance Requirements ◽

And Performance ◽

Integrated Sustainability

This paper introduces some challenges involved in assessment of service life and durability in the context of circular economy principles. It proposes a possible agenda for service life planning in a resource-constrained economy. Aspects considered include the reuse of materials and components over multiple life cycles within built assets. The interface between life cycle assessment and costing techniques, service life planning, and resilience against changing climate and performance requirements is considered. The current codes and standards, in particular within ISO 15686 series on service life, CEN 15643 on integrated sustainability assessment, and ISO 20887 on design for disassembly, are briefly described together with some implicit challenges. The contributions of CIB Task Groups are also considered, in particular CIB Task Groups 16, 39, and 115 and CIB W80 on prediction of service life of building materials methodologies. Several current EU research and development projects are briefly mentioned, in particular BAMB (Buildings as Material Banks).

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Respect for Human Rights has Improved Over Time: Modeling the Changing Standard of Accountability

American Political Science Review ◽

10.1017/s0003055414000070 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 108 (2) ◽

pp. 297-318 ◽

Cited By ~ 260

Author(s):

CHRISTOPHER J. FARISS

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Measurement Model ◽

Systematic Change ◽

Political Repression ◽

Amnesty International ◽

Time Modeling ◽

Convention Against Torture ◽

Human Rights Norms ◽

The Relationship ◽

Over Time

According to indicators of political repression currently used by scholars, human rights practices have not improved over the past 35 years, despite the spread of human rights norms, better monitoring, and the increasing prevalence of electoral democracy. I argue that this empirical pattern is not an indication of stagnating human rights practices. Instead, it reflects a systematic change in the way monitors, like Amnesty International and the U.S. State Department, encounter and interpret information about abuses. The standard of accountability used to assess state behaviors becomes more stringent as monitors look harder for abuse, look in more places for abuse, and classify more acts as abuse. In this article, I present a new, theoretically informed measurement model, which generates unbiased estimates of repression using existing data. I then show that respect for human rights has improved over time and that the relationship between human rights respect and ratification of the UN Convention Against Torture is positive, which contradicts findings from existing research.

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