Energy retrofit of a single-family house: Life cycle net energy saving and environmental benefits

The objective of this paper was to explore long-term costs for a single-family house in Sweden during its entire lifetime. In order to estimate the total costs, considering construction, replacement, operation, and end-of-life costs over the long term, the life cycle cost (LCC) method was applied. Different cost solutions were analysed including various economic parameters in a sensitivity analysis. Economic parameters used in the analysis include various nominal discount rates (7%, 5%, and 3%), an inflation rate of 2%, and energy escalation rates (2–6%). The study includes two lifespans (100 and 50 years). The discounting scheme was used in the calculations. Additionally, carbon-dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions were considered and systematically analysed with costs. Findings show that when the discount rate is decreased from 7% to 3%, the total costs are increased significantly, by 44% for a 100-year lifespan, while for a 50 years lifespan the total costs show a minor increase by 18%. The construction costs represent a major part of total LCC, with labor costs making up half of them. Considering costs and emissions together, a full correlation was not found, while a partial relationship was investigated. Results can be useful for decision-makers in the building sector.

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ANALYSIS OF EFFICIENCY OF SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSE LIFE CYCLE/VIENBUČIŲ GYVENAMŲJŲ NAMŲ GYVAVIMO PROCESO EFEKTYVUMO ANALIZĖ

Journal of Civil Engineering and Management ◽

10.3846/13921525.2000.10531629 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 445-450

Author(s):

Nerija Kvederytė

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Single Family ◽

Family House

Norint suprojektuoti ir įgyvendinti efektyvų vienbučio gyvenamojo namo gyvavimo procesą, būtina jo racionalumu rūpintis nuo poreikių ir tikslų nustatytno iki pastato naudojimo pabaigos. Kiekvienu pastato gyvavimo proceso etapu dalyvauja įvairios suinteresuotos grupės: užsakovai, projektuotojai, rangovai, statvbinių medžiagų bei gaminių gamintojai ir tiekėjai, naudotojai, pastatų priežiūros ir remonto organizacijos ir kt. Projektuojant pastato gyvavimo procesą ir priimant sprendimus, reikia atsižvelgti į šių suinteresuotų grupių interesus. Plėtojant kompleksinį požiūrį, vienbučio gyvenamojo namo gyvavimo proceso efektyvumas priklauso nuo kitų sistemos dalių konkrečiu momentu. Todėl vienbučio gyvenamojo namo gyvavimo procesas turi būti projektuojamas ir įgyvendinamas, atsižvelgiant į jo pagrindinius etapus, dalyvaujančių suinteresuotų grupių tikslus ir galimybes, įvertinant išorinę mikro- ir makrolygmens aplinką, t. y. į visus veiksnius, turinčius įtakos vienbučio gyvenamojo namo gyvavimo proceso efektyvumui. Straipsnyje pateikiamas vienbučių gvvenamųjų namų gyvavimo proceso efektyvumo kompleksinei analizei sukurtas teorinis modelis, kuriame įvairūs veiksniai ir aplinkybės aprašomi kriterijų rinkiniu. Remdamosi šiuo modeliu suinteresuotos grupės, rengiančios ir realizuojančios projektą, gali projektuoti alternatyvius vienbučio gyvenamojo namo gyvavimo proceso (įvairių sprendimų) variantus, juos įveitinti ir nustatyti racionaliausią: esamai situacijai rasti efektyvų sprendimą. Sprendimų variantiškumas padeda realiau ir racionaliau įvertinti pastato gyvavimo procesą ekonominiais, kokybiniais (architektūriniais, tūriniais, planiniais, estetiniais), teisiniais, techniniais, technologiniais ir kitais aspektais, suderinti suinteresuotų grupių interesus. Pagal pateiktą modelį sukurta ir sprendimų paramos sistema. Ši sistema pastato gyvavimo proceso dalyviams padeda sėkmingai siekti savo tikslų, didinti pastato gyvavimo proceso efektyvumą. Sprendimų paramos sistemoje taikomi pastato gyvavimo proceso daugiakriterinio alternatyviojo projektavimo ir daugiakriterinio įvertinimo metodai leidžia išspręsti siekiamų tikslų ir šiems tikslams įgvvendinti reikalingų išteklių optimizacijos uždavinį: išanalizavus galimus vienbučio gyvenamojo namo gyvavimo proceso variantus nustatomas racionaliausias šio proceso dalyvių (suinteresuotų grupių) siekiamų tikslų ir turimų galimvbių derinys.

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Efficient central heating and modern heat sources

HIGHER SCHOOL’S PULSE ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0003.3148 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 28-33

Author(s):

Monika Pawlita

Keyword(s):

Energy Saving ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Heating System ◽

Heat Pumps ◽

Single Family ◽

Heating Source ◽

The Cost ◽

Family House

Background: The methods of heating houses with system components determine the energy-saving systems. Energy-saving solutions allow to maintain comfortable conditions in the house, while minimizing the cost associated with its operation and at the same time helping to protect natural environment. The examples of such solutions include condensing boilers, heat pumps and solar collectors.Material and methods: The object of the analysis in this paper is typical single-family house occupying the area of 150 m². The comparison of analyzed heating system for a single-family house, including modern energy sources, allows the assessment of the most cost-effective method of heating. Results: Choosing rational method of heating for a single-family house is dictated mainly by economic reasons. The efficiency of the heating sources is also very important. In addition, an important factor is a heating period, which depends on the weather conditions in a given year.Conclusions: The costs of fuel/energy are still growing. Fuel selection is determined mainly by fuel calorific value and the price. To select the type of the heating source one must take into account the cost of kWh of heat.

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A tool for Danish buildings energy retrofit design and evaluation using dynamic energy simulations

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202017218008 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 172 ◽

pp. 18008

Author(s):

Muhyiddine Jradi ◽

Henrik Engelbrecht Foldager ◽

Rasmus Camillus Jeppesen

Keyword(s):

Assessment Tool ◽

Dynamic Performance ◽

Building Energy ◽

Building Performance ◽

Single Family ◽

Design Development ◽

Energy Retrofit ◽

Energy Simulations ◽

Family House ◽

Retrofit Design

In general, static tools and simplified assessment approaches are still dominating the Danish building energy retrofit market. These static tools are generally associated with a large number of assumptions and tend to neglect the overall building dynamics. This leads to major uncertainties and substantial gaps between the predicted performance, promised before retrofitting, and the real building performance after carrying out the retrofit project. To overcome these challenges, this work presents the design, development and demonstration of DanRETRO, a tool for Danish buildings energy retrofit design and evaluation. The tool uses a large database of dynamic performance simulations employing EnergyPlus, for different building types, ages and sizes, allowing a preliminary assessment of the technical, economic and environmental impacts of various retrofit measures. In this regard, the tool provides a large selection of retrofit techniques and measures along with retrofit packages. DanRETRO is intended to be a comprehensive building energy retrofit assessment tool, but at the same time being simple to use with minimal inputs. The demonstration of the tool in an office building, a single-family house and an apartment in Denmark is presented and assessed. DanRETRO evaluation results are aimed to serve as a basis to aid energy retrofit projects decision-making.

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ANALYSIS OF EFFICIENCY OF SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSE LIFE CYCLE

Statyba ◽

10.1080/13921525.2000.10531629 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 445-450 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N. Kvederytė

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Single Family ◽

Family House

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Optimum Envelope of a Single-Family House Based on Life Cycle Analysis

Buildings ◽

10.3390/buildings4020095 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 95-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Marie-Claude Hamelin ◽

Radu Zmeureanu

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Life Cycle Analysis ◽

Single Family ◽

Family House

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Evaluation of Energy, Environmental, and Economic Characteristics of Fuel Cell Combined Heat and Power Systems for Residential Applications

Journal of Energy Resources Technology ◽

10.1115/1.1595112 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 125 (3) ◽

pp. 208-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

M. Burak Gunes ◽

Michael W. Ellis

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Fuel Cell ◽

Thermal Energy ◽

Life Cycle Cost ◽

Energy Use ◽

Combined Heat And Power ◽

Environmental Benefits ◽

Design Parameters ◽

Single Family ◽

Chp System

Residential combined heat and power (CHP) systems using fuel cell technology can provide both electricity and heat and can substantially reduce the energy and environmental impact associated with residential applications. The energy, environmental, and economic characteristics of fuel cell CHP systems are investigated for single-family residential applications. Hourly energy use profiles for electricity and thermal energy are determined for typical residential applications. A mathematical model of a residential fuel cell based CHP system is developed. The CHP system incorporates a fuel cell system to supply electricity and thermal energy, a vapor compression heat pump to provide cooling in the summer and heating in the winter, and a thermal storage tank to help match the available thermal energy to the thermal energy needs. The performance of the system is evaluated for different climates. Results from the study include an evaluation of the major design parameters of the system, load duration curves, an evaluation of the effect of climate on energy use characteristics, an assessment of the reduction in emissions, and a comparison of the life cycle cost of the fuel cell based CHP system to the life cycle costs of conventional residential energy systems. The results suggest that the fuel cell CHP system provides substantial energy and environmental benefits but that the cost of the fuel cell sub-system must be reduced to roughly $500/kWe before the system can be economically justified.

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Single-Family Residential Building Energy Retrofit

Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering - Design Solutions for nZEB Retrofit Buildings ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-4105-9.ch011 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 248-274 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michał Pierzchalski

Keyword(s):

Residential Building ◽

Building Energy ◽

Environmental Benefits ◽

Single Family ◽

Biomass Boiler ◽

Main Assumption ◽

Energy Retrofit ◽

The 1960S ◽

Technical Solutions

This chapter is a case study for the energy retrofit of an existing single-family residential building. The main assumption of the project was creating a model example for an energy retrofit with the aim of achieving the nZEB standard in existing residential building. The discussed building was built between the 1960s and the 1970s. The building was built using mixed technologies. The flooring on the ground floor was replaced; the foundation, external walls, and roof were thermally insulated. The windows and doors were replaced with higher parameter ones. Moreover, a modern biomass boiler was installed in the building along with the installation of a mechanical bidirectional ventilation unit with a heat recovery. Before the renovation, the building used about 133.4 GJ final energy for heating annually. After the renovation, the building uses about 8.89 GJ annually. The author describes all the stages of the renovation, the technical solutions, the calculations of economic and environmental benefits of the conducted renovations.

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Energy and Environmental Analysis of Single-Family Houses Located in Poland

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13112740 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 2740 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Krzysztof Grygierek ◽

Joanna Ferdyn-Grygierek ◽

Anna Gumińska ◽

Łukasz Baran ◽

Magdalena Barwa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Energy Saving ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Life Cycle Costs ◽

Zone Model ◽

Heat Sources ◽

Climate Data ◽

Single Family ◽

The Individual ◽

Guidelines And Recommendations

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the carbon footprint, energy demand and life cycle costs of a model of a building located in the Central Europe climate zone. One specific example—the quantitative differences in global warming potential, life cycle costs and thermal comfort—has been shown, depending on the different construction (wood, brick) and heat sources used; traditional and energy-saving solutions have been considered. The research was carried out using the EnergyPlus simulation program for a multi-zone model of a naturally ventilated single-family house. Calculations were made for a 25-year life cycle using the standard climate data for Warsaw (Poland). The real occupancy schedule of the individual rooms was adopted and the instantaneous ventilation airflow was modeled, and its intensification due to the additional opening of windows was optimized. An estimated budget of the entire structure of the building and the heat sources was used for the cost analysis. The research has succeeded in developing some general conclusions and guidelines and recommendations for both the investors and designers of energy-saving and environmentally friendly houses. Considering the most economical an ecological solution, wooden houses are better than brick houses. In the wooden building, however, there are a larger number of thermal discomfort hours.

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