Abstract. To investigate the characteristics of atmospheric brown
carbon (BrC) in the semiarid region of East Asia, PM2.5 and
size-resolved particles in the urban atmosphere of Xi'an, inland China,
during the winter and summer of 2017 were collected and analyzed for optical
properties and chemical compositions. Methanol extracts (MeOH extracts) were
more light-absorbing than water extracts (H2O extracts) in the optical
wavelength of 300–600 nm and well correlated with nitrophenols, polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (r > 0.78). The
light absorptions (absλ=365 nm) of H2O extracts and
MeOH extracts in winter were 28±16 and 49±32 M m−1,
respectively, which are about 10 times higher than those in summer, mainly
due to the enhanced emissions from biomass burning for house heating. Water-extracted BrC predominately occurred in the fine mode (< 2.1 µm) during winter and summer, accounting for 81 % and 65 % of the total
absorption of BrC, respectively. The light absorption and stable carbon
isotope composition measurements showed an increasing ratio of absλ=365 nm-MeOH to absλ=550 nm-EC along with an enrichment of
13C in PM2.5 during the haze development, indicating an
accumulation of secondarily formed BrC (e.g., nitrophenols) in the aerosol aging
process. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis showed that biomass burning, fossil fuel combustion,
secondary formation, and fugitive dust are the major sources of BrC in the
city, accounting for 55 %, 19 %, 16 %, and 10 % of the total BrC of
PM2.5, respectively.