scholarly journals What can transaction costs tell us about governance in the delivery of large scale HIV prevention programmes in southern India?

2011 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 1939-1947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorna Guinness
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Southern India ◽  
Prevention Programmes

Evaluation design for large-scale HIV prevention programmes: the case of Avahan, the India AIDS initiative

AIDS ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (Suppl 5) ◽  
pp. S1-S15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Padma Chandrasekaran ◽  
Gina Dallabetta ◽  
Virginia Loo ◽  
Stephen Mills ◽  
Tobi Saidel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Evaluation Design ◽  
Prevention Programmes

School-based HIV prevention programmes for African youth

2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1337-1351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Gallant ◽  
Eleanor Maticka-Tyndale
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
School Based ◽  
Prevention Programmes ◽  
African Youth

scholarly journals Integrating syphilis screening in a large-scale HIV prevention program for key populations: the Avahan experience from India

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (06) ◽  
pp. 484-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mugundu Ramien Parthasarathy ◽  
Prakash Narayanan ◽  
Anjana Das ◽  
Anup Gurung ◽  
Parimi Prabhakar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Prevention Program ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Key Populations ◽  
Immunochromatographic Strip ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Syphilis Screening ◽  
Strip Test

Introduction: Documented experiences from India on the implementation of syphilis screening in large-scale HIV prevention programs for “key populations at higher risk’ (KPs) are limited. Avahan is a large-scale HIV prevention program providing services to more than 300,000 KPs in six high HIV prevalence states of India since 2004. Avahan clinics provide a sexually transmitted infection service package which includes bi-annual syphilis screening. The trends in the coverage of syphilis screening among Avahan clinic attendees were studied retrospectively. Methodology: Screening was performed using either the Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test or point-of-care immunochromatographic strip test (ICST). Clinic records from 2005 to 2009 were collated in an individual tracking database and analyzed with STATA-10. Results: Initially the coverage of syphilis screening (2.6% in 2005) was constrained by the availability and operational complexity of the RPR test. After its introduction in 2007, the use of ICST for screening increased from 7.4% to 77.0% and the proportion of clinic attendees screened increased from 9.0% to 21.6% during 2007-2009. The RPR reactivity rates declined from 6.6% (2006) to 4.4% (2009). Conclusion: The data showed improved rates of screening of clinic attendees and declining trends in sero-reactivity over time. The introduction of point-of-care syphilis tests may have contributed to the improved coverage of syphilis screening. The ICST may be considered for initial syphilis screening at other resource-constrained primary care sites in India such as ante-natal clinics and other KP interventions.

Implementing post-trial access plans for HIV prevention research

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 354-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Paul ◽  
Maria W Merritt ◽  
Jeremy Sugarman
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
System Level ◽  
Planning Under Uncertainty ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Prevention Trials ◽  
Practical Experiences ◽  
Post Trial ◽  
Local Healthcare

Ethics guidance increasingly recognises that researchers and sponsors have obligations to consider provisions for post-trial access (PTA) to interventions that are found to be beneficial in research. Yet, there is little information regarding whether and how such plans can actually be implemented. Understanding practical experiences of developing and implementing these plans is critical to both optimising their implementation and informing conceptual work related to PTA. This viewpoint is informed by experiences with developing and implementing PTA plans for six large-scale multicentre HIV prevention trials supported by the HIV Prevention Trials Network. These experiences suggest that planning and implementing PTA often involve challenges of planning under uncertainty and confronting practical barriers to accessing healthcare systems. Even in relatively favourable circumstances where a tested intervention medication is approved and available in the local healthcare system, system-level barriers can threaten the viability of PTA plans. The aggregate experience across these HIV prevention trials suggests that simply referring participants to local healthcare systems for PTA will not necessarily result in continued access to beneficial interventions for trial participants. Serious commitments to PTA will require additional efforts to learn from future approaches, measuring the success of PTA plans with dedicated follow-up and further developing normative guidance to help research stakeholders navigate the complex practical challenges of realising PTA.

Agricultural Co-operatives

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samira Nuhanovic-Ribic ◽  
Ermanno C. Tortia ◽  
Vladislav Valentinov
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Vertical Integration ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Economic Literature ◽  
Economic Independence ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Entrepreneurial Action

Over the last decades, agricultural co-operatives grew substantially in most developed and developing countries, often reaching dominant market positions. We inquire into the economic mechanism behind this growth, by elaborating on the relation between co-operative identity and co-operative benefits. We highlight the ability of agricultural co-operatives to co-ordinate large-scale production, to monitor work contributions and product quality, and to ensure economic independence of farmer members. Following the two principal streams in the economic literature, we distinguish between the conceptions of agricultural co-operatives as units of vertical integration and as firms characterized by common governance of collective entrepreneurial action and ability to reduce transaction costs and economic risk. We describe the financial and governance limitations of agricultural co-operatives while taking account of new co-operative models presenting institutional tools introduced to overcome these limitations. We conclude by suggesting directions for enhancing the role of co-operatives in agricultural and rural development.

scholarly journals Learning from combination HIV prevention programmes to face COVID-19 emerging pandemic

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Ricardo Palacios ◽  
Augusto Mathias
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Structural Interventions ◽  
Prevention Programmes

Before a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 became available, several measures to control COVID-19 pandemic are necessary. Analogously, in the absence of an available vaccine, Combination HIV Prevention Programmes have consolidated a large experience of biomedical, behavioral and structural interventions suitable for several epidemiological settings. Adaptation of such experiences can organize mid-term and long-term responses to face COVID-19

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