Agricultural Co-operatives

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samira Nuhanovic-Ribic ◽  
Ermanno C. Tortia ◽  
Vladislav Valentinov
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Vertical Integration ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Economic Literature ◽  
Economic Independence ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Entrepreneurial Action

Over the last decades, agricultural co-operatives grew substantially in most developed and developing countries, often reaching dominant market positions. We inquire into the economic mechanism behind this growth, by elaborating on the relation between co-operative identity and co-operative benefits. We highlight the ability of agricultural co-operatives to co-ordinate large-scale production, to monitor work contributions and product quality, and to ensure economic independence of farmer members. Following the two principal streams in the economic literature, we distinguish between the conceptions of agricultural co-operatives as units of vertical integration and as firms characterized by common governance of collective entrepreneurial action and ability to reduce transaction costs and economic risk. We describe the financial and governance limitations of agricultural co-operatives while taking account of new co-operative models presenting institutional tools introduced to overcome these limitations. We conclude by suggesting directions for enhancing the role of co-operatives in agricultural and rural development.

Large-scale Production of Anti-lymphocytic Antibody

1969 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 346-354
Author(s):  
D. A. Long ◽  
D. C. Edwards ◽  
A. W. Phillips ◽  
A. J. Woiwod
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Pharmaceutical Company ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Therapeutic Agent ◽  
Working Party ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Large Scale Production

The Wellcome Foundation is part of the M.R.C. Working Party on A.L.S. and the main role of the Foundation, as agreed with the Working Party as a whole, is to produce A.L.S. on a large scale for use in man.In Great Britain, the use of any new therapeutic agent is controlled by authority, in this case the Dunlop Committee. Before this committee could be approached for a licence to market such a product, it would be necessary for the pharmaceutical company concerned to have established conditions for large-scale production.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jane Kershaw
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Agency

The Introduction sets out the scope and aims of the book, and explains how it departs from earlier publications dealing with similar themes. It then discusses the four themes around which the fourteen chapters are structured: the monetary and quasi-monetary functions of silver; the role of precious metals in primarily non-monetary (i.e. social and ritual) contexts; the sources of silver as assessed through archaeometric methods; and the monetary role of non-silver currencies, namely gold, cloth, and butter. The processes by which non-silver currencies were given value as currency are considered, alongside the social implications of the large-scale production of such currencies, particularly with respect to women’s economic agency.

scholarly journals Selection and characterization of a SpaCBA pilus-secreting food-grade derivative of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanne L. P. Tytgat ◽  
Pia Rasinkangas ◽  
Jarmo Ritari ◽  
Justus Reunanen ◽  
Steven Aalvink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Therapeutic Application ◽  
Food Grade ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Key Points

AbstractMany studies have established the functional properties of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG, previously known as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, marketed worldwide as a probiotic. The extraordinary capacity of L. rhamnosus GG to bind to human mucus and influence the immune system especially stand out. Earlier, we have shown the key role of its SpaCBA sortase-dependent pili encoded by the spaCBA-srtC1 gene cluster herein. These heterotrimeric pili consist of a shaft pilin SpaA, a basal pilin SpaB, and tip pilin SpaC that contains a mucus-binding domain. Here, we set out to characterize a food-grade non-GMO mutant of L. rhamnosus GG, strain PA11, which secretes its pilins, rather than coupling them to the cell surface, due to a defect in the housekeeping sortase A. The sortase-negative strain PA11 was extensively characterized using functional genomics and biochemical approaches and found to secrete the SpaCBA pili into the supernatant. Given the functional importance and uniqueness of the mucus-binding pili of L. rhamnosus GG, strain PA11 offers novel opportunities towards the characterization and further therapeutic application of SpaCBA pili and their low-cost, large-scale production. Key points •Creation of pilus-secreting mutant (PA11) of the key probiotic LGG. •Strain PA11 is defective in a functional housekeeping sortase SrtA. •Strain PA11 opens novel biotherapeutic application avenues. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Recent Advances on Large-Scale Manufacture of Curcumin and Its Nanoformulation for Cancer Therapeutic Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 7863-7885
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Aqueous Solubility ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Large Scale Manufacture

Considerable amount of research is going on the role of plant species that exhibit anti-cancer properties. One such plant species is turmeric, which has been used in the human diet for centuries. The main active component/polyphenol in turmeric is curcumin. Recently, curcumin has been considered for cancer therapy. The initial challenge with curcumin is its large-scale production and purification of curcuminoids from turmeric. Most of the strategies are not fully effective due to the involvement of many organic solvents, time consumption, and inadequate separation between similar derivatives and crystal structures. Some of the methods to avoid using organic solvents are explained in this entry. The second challenge is that the isolated curcumin is unstable under various environmental and physiological conditions and degrades easily. Various strategies have been proposed and investigated to improve its aqueous solubility, stability, bioavailability, and potential therapeutic applications. Among them, nanoformulation is utilized to fill the gaps between clinical application and production. This review summarizes recent advances in curcumin's large-scale production and purification protocols, the necessity of nanoformulation, recent patents, and its anti-cancer mechanism. Emphasis is given on applying safe and green-tech methods of nanoformulation, including Mozafari and Heating methods.

scholarly journals Role of Erythropoietin and Other Growth Factors in Ex Vivo Erythropoiesis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vimal Kishor Singh ◽  
Abhishek Saini ◽  
Ramesh Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Similar Growth

Erythropoiesis is a vital process governed through various factors. There is extreme unavailability of suitable donor due to rare phenotypic blood groups and other related complications like hemoglobinopathies, polytransfusion patients, and polyimmunization. Looking at the worldwide scarcity of blood, especially in low income countries and the battlefield, mimicking erythropoiesis using ex vivo methods can provide an efficient answer to various problems associated with present donor derived blood supply system. Fortunately, there are many ex vivo erythropoiesis methodologies being developed by various research groups using stem cells as the major source material for large scale blood production. Most of these ex vivo protocols use a cocktail of similar growth factors under overlapping growth conditions. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a key regulator in most ex vivo protocols along with other growth factors such as SCF, IL-3, IGF-1, and Flt-3. Now transfusable units of blood can be produced by using these protocols with their set of own limitations. The present paper focuses on the molecular mechanism and significance of various growth factors in these protocols that shall remain helpful for large scale production.

The role of molybdenum in Co-Mo/MgO for large-scale production of high quality carbon nanotubes

2010 ◽  
Vol 493 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 539-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Ming Yeoh ◽  
Kim-Yang Lee ◽  
Siang-Piao Chai ◽  
Keat-Teong Lee ◽  
Abdul Rahman Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Large Scale Production

The Steamship as an Agent of Modernisation, 1812-1840

2011 ◽  
pp. 165-182
Author(s):  
John Armstrong ◽  
David M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
British Government ◽  
Personal Mobility ◽  
Large Scale Production

This chapter explores the significance of the steamship as a vehicle of change and modernisation in Britain between 1812 and 1840. It builds on the previous chapter’s analysis of the nationwide diffusion of the steamship, then defines the features of modernity that the steamship exhibited - such as large scale production; specialisation; and wider market access. It then explores how these advances impacted society through the widespread recognition of modern technology; wider appreciation of the importance of time; advance of personal mobility; new forms of finance and operations; and the role of technology in the changing function of the British government. It concludes that the steamship played a vital role in British innovation, though ultimately was one factor of many in the widespread and rapidly increasing modernisation of the country.

Small Hematite Nanoparticles from the Kiruna-Type Ore; Evaluation of Declined Balance Limit of the Attrition Process and Their Catalytic Properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 6000-6006
Author(s):  
Majid Mostaghelchi ◽  
Mohammad Zendehbad ◽  
Christian L. Lengauer
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Remediation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Hematite Nanoparticles ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Novel Technology ◽  
Large Scale Production

Hematite nanoparticles possess unique properties which have motivated substantial attention for numerous applications, including environmental remediation and wastewater treatment as a promising novel technology. The magnetite-silicate raw material of Kiruna-type ore has been introduced as an innovative precursor, decreasing the attrition balance limit for large-scale production of the ball-mill-derived hematite nanoparticles below the critical size. In this study, the hypothesis and the postulated role of quartz in the effective size reduction process were further investigated. The prepared samples were characterized in detail via X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and powder X-ray diffractometry (pXRD) to be compared with the previous results. Furthermore, the catalytic and photocatalytic activities of the obtained nanoparticles were evaluated in the oxidation reaction of a common persistent sulfo-organic contaminant. The results exposed outstanding reactivity, particularly in their photocatalytic performance, suggesting them as a strong oxidizing agent and active photocatalyst, which greatly promises many possible applications including water and environmental remediation.

scholarly journals EKSISTENSI BATIK ENCIM DALAM ARENA PRODUKSI KULTURAL DI PEKALONGAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Tri Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pierre Bourdieu ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
Economic Capital ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Large Scale Production

This study aims to explain the strength of Encim batik existence in cultural production arenas including limited-production arenas and large-scale production arenas. The theory of the cultural production arena by Pierre Bourdieu helped in this study in particular, include: 1) material and symbolic aspects of the production of cultural works, 2) the role of mediators who have a role in the use of works. The research method used is qualitative research is descriptive and the method of data retrieval through observation, documents, interviews, and triangulation. Analysis methods include data reduction, data presentation, and data verification. The results of this study explain that the existence of Encim batik in the production-limited arena is strengthened by the consistency of entrepreneurs and batik artists from Peranakan China by maintaining the quality of Encim batik both in terms of visual beauty, technical manufacturing, and usefulness functions. Entering the large-scale production arena, the excellenge of quality are simplified, because it follows the demand of the Encim batik market tastes. Therefore, batik industry entrepreneurs in Pekalongan reproduce Encim batik with all its creativity, so that it has an impact on the birth of innovative forms of creative industry products such as batik products Encim write, stamp, night screen printing, and printing. The of Encim batik is influenced by economic capital, cultural capital, social capital, and symbolic capital used as a force to survive in batik business competition.Keywords: existence, batik encim, cultural production.AbstrakKajian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan kekuatan eksistensi batik Encim dalam arena produksi kultural mencakup arena produksi terbatas dan arena produksi skala besar. Teori arena produksi kultural oleh Pierre Bourdieu membantu dalam kajian ini khususnya meliputi: 1) aspek material maupun simbolis dari produksi karya-karya kultural, 2) peran mediator yang mempunyai andil dalam pemaknaan karya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu penelitian kualitatif bersifat deskriptif dan metode pengambilan data melalui observasi, dokumen, wawancara, dan triangulasi. Metode analisis meliputi reduksi data, penyajian data, dan verifikasi data. Hasil kajian ini menjelaskan bahwa eksistensi batik Encim dalam arena produksi terbatas diperkuat dengan adanya konsistensi pengusaha dan seniman batik dari Cina Peranakan dengan menjaga kualitas batik Encim baik dari aspek keindahan visual, teknis pembuatannya, dan fungsi kegunaanya. Memasuki arena produksi skala besar, maka keunggulan kualitas tersebut mengalami penyerderhanaan, karena mengikuti permintaan selera pasar batik Encim. Oleh karena itu, para pengusaha industri batik di Pekalongan mereproduksi batik Encim dengan segala kreativitasnya, sehingga berdampak pada lahir inovasi bentuk produk-produk industri kreatif yang beraneka ragam seperti produk batik Encim tulis, cap, sablon malam, maupun printing. Eksistensi batik Encim dipengaruhi adanya modal ekonomi, modal budaya, modal sosial, dan modal simbolik yang digunakna sebagai kekuatan untuk bertahan dalam persaingan usaha batik.Kata Kunci: eksistensi, batik encim, produksi kultural. Author: Tri Wulandari : Institut Seni Indonesia Yogyakarta References:Amidjaja, N. T. (1966). Batik. Jakarta: Djambatan.Bourdieu, P. (2009). An Introduction to the Work of Pierre Bourdieu: The Practice Theory, (Habitus x Modal) + Ranah = Praktik; Pengantar Paling Komprehensif kepada Pemikiran Bourdieu, Terjemahan Pipit Maizer. Yogyakarta: Jalasutra.___________. (2015). The Field of Cultural Production: Essay on Art and Literatur, Arena Produksi Kultural: Sebuah Kajian Sosiologi Budaya, Terjemahan Yudi Santosa. Yogyakarta: Kreasi Wacana.Djomena, N. S. (1990). Batik dan Mitra. Jakarta: Djambatan.Fashri, F. (2014). Pierre Bourdieu Menyingkap Kuasa Simbol. Yogyakarta: Jalasutra.Ishwara, H., L. R.Yahya, & Moeis, X. (2011). Batik Pesisir Pusaka Indonesia, Koleksi Hartono Sumarsono. Jakarta: KPG Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1992). Analisis Data Kualitatif: Buku Sumber Tentang Metode-Metode Baru. Jakarta: UI Press.Soedarso. (2006). Trilogi Seni: Penciptaan Eksistensi Dan Kegunaan Seni. Yogyakarta: BP ISI Yogyakarta.Susanto, S. (1984). Seni dan Teknologi Kerajinan Batik. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah, Direktorat Pendidikan Menengah Kejuruan.Wulandari, Tri. (2017). “Koleksi Museum Batik Danar Hadi”. Hasil Dokumentasi Pribadi: 17 Desember 2017, Solo.

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