scholarly journals Artemia salina as an animal model for the preliminary evaluation of snake venom-induced toxicity

Toxicon X ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 100082
Author(s):  
Mitchel Otieno Okumu ◽  
James Mucunu Mbaria ◽  
Joseph Kangangi Gikunju ◽  
Paul Gichohi Mbuthia ◽  
Vincent Odongo Madadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Snake Venom ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation

scholarly journals Biological screening of extracts from leaf and stem bark of Croton floribundus Spreng. (Euphorbiaceae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Barth ◽  
L. S. Pinto ◽  
P. Dileli ◽  
D. C. Biavatti ◽  
Y. L. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Biomphalaria Glabrata ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Biological Screening ◽  
Significant Toxicity ◽  
Dpph Method ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme ◽  
Molluscicidal Activity

Abstract This work describes the preliminary evaluation of cytotoxic, antimicrobial, molluscicidal, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities from leaf (LECF) and stem bark alcoholic extracts (BECF) of the species Croton floribundus Spreng. (Euphorbiaceae), popularly known as capixingui or tapixingui. BECF presented significant toxicity (LC50 = 89.6 μg/ml) in the Artemia salina Leach, 1819 (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) bioassay, whereas LECF did not show activity (LC50 > 1000 μg/ml). From DPPH method, the values of IC50 for the LECF and BECF were 61.2 μg/ml and 62.2 μg/ml, respectively, showing that C. floribundus has an expressive antioxidant activity. Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated by microdilution technique and only BECF was active against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 39.6 μg/ml). The extracts did not present molluscicidal activity against snail Biomphalaria glabrata Say, 1818 (Gastropoda: Planorbidae). Both extracts revealed the presence of several components with an inhibiting capacity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme on the bioautographic assay. C. floribundus showed to be a promising species considering that it exhibited good biological activity in the most assays performed.

scholarly journals Neotropical Rattlesnake (Crotalus simus) Venom Pharmacokinetics in Lymph and Blood Using an Ovine Model

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar Neri-Castro ◽  
Melisa Bénard-Valle ◽  
Dayanira Paniagua ◽  
Leslie V. Boyer ◽  
Lourival D. Possani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Snake Venom ◽  
Serine Proteases ◽  
Large Animal Model ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Differential Absorption ◽  
Protein Families ◽  
Ovine Model ◽  
Viper Venoms

The most abundant protein families in viper venoms are Snake Venom Metalloproteases (SVMPs), Snake Venom Serine Proteases (SVSPs) and Phospholipases (PLA2s). These are primarily responsible for the pathophysiology caused by the bite of pit-vipers; however, there are few studies that analyze the pharmacokinetics (PK) of whole venom (WV) and its protein families. We studied the pathophysiology, PK profile and differential absorption of representative toxins from venom of Neotropical Rattlesnake (Crotalus simus) in a large animal model (ovine). Toxins studied included crotoxin (the main lethal component), which causes moderate to severe neurotoxicity; SVSPs, which deplete fibrinogen; and SVMPs, which cause local tissue damage and local and systemic hemorrhage. We found that Whole Venom (WV) was highly bioavailable (86%) 60 h following intramuscular (IM) injection, and extrapolation suggests that bioavailability may be as high as 92%. PK profiles of individual toxins were consistent with their physicochemical properties and expected clinical effects. Lymph cannulated animals absorbed 1.9% of WV through lymph during the first 12 h. Crotoxin was minimally detectable in serum after intravenous (IV) injection; however, following IM injection it was detected in lymph but not in blood. This suggests that crotoxin is quickly released from the blood toward its tissue targets.

Loss of social status: preliminary evaluation of a novel animal model of depression

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Willner ◽  
Paolo S. D'Aquila ◽  
Toni Coventry ◽  
Paul Brain
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Animal Model Of Depression

An animal model for myoglobinuria using a myotoxin from Pseudechis australis (king brown snake) venom in mice

Toxicon ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 623 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ponraj ◽  
P. Gopalakrishnakone
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Snake Venom

scholarly journals Preliminary Evaluation of a Novel Fetal Guinea Pig Myelomeningocele Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Sarah C. Stokes ◽  
Kaeli J. Yamashiro ◽  
Melissa A. Vanover ◽  
Laura A. Galganski ◽  
Jordan E. Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Locomotor Function ◽  
Surgical Model ◽  
Gestation Age ◽  
Near Term

Introduction. Translational models of myelomeningocele (MMC) are needed to test novel in utero interventions. An ideal animal model for MMC has locomotor function at birth and is low cost enough to allow for high throughput. The rat MMC model is limited by immature locomotor function at birth. The ovine MMC model is a costly surgical model. Guinea pigs are uniquely suited for an MMC model being a small animal model with locomotor function at birth. We aimed to develop a retinoic acid (RA) model of MMC in the guinea pig and to evaluate if pregnant guinea pigs could tolerate uterine manipulation. Methods. Time-mated Dunkin Hartley guinea pig dams were dosed with 60 mg/kg of RA between gestation age (GA) 12 and 15 days in the development of an RA model. Fetuses were grossly evaluated for MMC lesions at Cesarean section after GA 31 days. Evaluation of the ability of pregnant guinea pig dams to tolerate uterine surgical intervention was performed by hysterotomy of a separated group of time-mated guinea pigs at GA 45, 50, and 55. Results. Forty-two pregnant guinea pigs were dosed with RA, with a total of 189 fetuses. The fetal demise rate was 38% ( n = 71 ). A total of 118 fetuses were viable, 83% ( n = 98 ) were normal fetuses, 8% ( n = 10 ) had a neural tube defect, and 8% ( n = 10 ) had a hematoma or other anomalies. No fetuses developed an MMC defect. None of the fetuses that underwent hysterotomy survived to term. Conclusion. RA dosed at 60 mg/kg in guinea pigs between GA 12 and 15 did not result in MMC. Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs did not tolerate a hysterotomy near term in our surgical model. Further work is needed to determine if MMC can be induced in guinea pigs with alternate RA dosing.

Bothrops jararacussu snake venom lectin induces mast cell activation and vascular permeability enhance in an animal model

Toxicon ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fábio H. Kwasniewski ◽  
Anderson M. Kayano ◽  
Ariane N. Fukunaga ◽  
Sulamita da Silva Setubal ◽  
Andreimar Martins Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Mast Cell ◽  
Vascular Permeability ◽  
Snake Venom ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Mast Cell Activation ◽  
Bothrops Jararacussu

Antivenom effect on lymphatic absorption and pharmacokinetics of coral snake venom using a large animal model

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 727-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Paniagua ◽  
I. Vergara ◽  
R. Román ◽  
C. Romero ◽  
M. Benard-Valle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Snake Venom ◽  
Large Animal Model ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Coral Snake ◽  
Lymphatic Absorption

scholarly journals Noninvasive Ultrasound Monitoring of Embryonic and Fetal Development in Chinchilla lanigera to Predict Gestational Age: Preliminary Evaluation of This Species as a Novel Animal Model of Human Pregnancy

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
A. Greco ◽  
M. Ragucci ◽  
R. Liuzzi ◽  
M. Prota ◽  
N. Cocchia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
High Frequency Ultrasound ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
Embryonic And Fetal Development ◽  
Ultrasound Monitoring ◽  
Almost All

Ultrasound is a noninvasive routine method that allows real-time monitoring of fetal development in utero to determine gestational age and to detect congenital anomalies and multiple pregnancies. To date, the developmental biology of Chinchilla lanigera has not yet been characterized. This species has been found to undergo placentation, long gestation, and fetal dimensions similar to those in humans. The aim of this study was to assess the use of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) and clinical ultrasound (US) to predict gestational age in chinchillas and evaluate the possibility of this species as a new animal model for the study of human pregnancy. In this study, 35 pregnant females and a total of 74 embryos and fetuses were monitored. Ultrasound examination was feasible in almost all chinchilla subjects. It was possible to monitor the chinchilla embryo with HFUS from embryonic day (E) 15 to 60 and with US from E15 to E115 due to fetus dimensions. The placenta could be visualized and measured with HFUS from E15, but not with US until E30. From E30, the heartbeat became detectable and it was possible to measure fetal biometrics. In the late stages of pregnancy, stomach, eyes, and lenses became visible. Our study demonstrated the importance of employing both techniques while monitoring embryonic and fetal development to obtain an overall and detailed view of all structures and to recognize any malformation at an early stage. Pregnancy in chinchillas can be confirmed as early as the 15th day postmating, and sonographic changes and gestational age are well correlated. The quantitative measurements of fetal and placental growth performed in this study could be useful in setting up a database for comparison with human fetal ultrasounds. We speculate that, in the future, the chinchilla could be used as an animal model for the study of US in human pregnancy.

Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) Conjugated with Andrographolide Ameliorated Viper (Daboia russellii russellii) Venom-Induced Toxicities in Animal Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 3404-3414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sourav Ghosh ◽  
Subir Chandra Dasgupta ◽  
Anjan Kumar Dasgupta ◽  
Aparna Gomes ◽  
Antony Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Gold Nanoparticle ◽  
Snake Venom ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Hydrodynamic Diameter ◽  
Local Damage ◽  
Organ Toxicity

Andrographolide, a diterpenoid compound found in the aerial parts of Andrographis paniculata (a well known anti snake venom plant) was conjugated with gold nanoparticle (andrographolide-AuNPs) and its efficacy against Daboia russellii russellii venom (DRRV) induced local damage, organ toxicity and inflammatory response was evaluated in animal models. Ethical clearance was obtained before animal experiments. Andrographolide-AuNPs was formed by adsorption method. Physico-chemical characterization of particle was done by dynamic light scattering (DLS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Swiss albino male mice were divided into 5 groups: Gr. 1-Sham control, Gr. 2-DRRV control, Gr. 3-anti snake venom serum treated, Gr. 4-andrographolide treated and Gr. 4-andrographolide-AuNPs treated. 1/5th minimum lethal dose of DRRV (10 μg/s.c./20 g mice) was induced in animals of group 2, 3, 4 and 5 animals, followed by treatment with anti snake venom serum (2 mg/20 g mice, i.v.) andrographolide (50 μg/20g mice, i.p.) and andrographolide-AuNPs (50 μg/20 g mice, i.v.) in group 3, 4 and 5 animals, respectively. Blood was collected after 18 h, serum was prepared and organ toxicity markers (transaminases, phosphatases, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphate, urea, creatinine, Ca2+, phosphorous), inflammatory markers (interleukin 1β, 6, 17a, 10, tumor necrosis factor α) and local damage testings (defibrination, edema, hemorrhage) were assessed. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 4), one way analysis of variance was done, P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Formed andrographolide-AuNPs were pink in color with hydrodynamic diameter 30–50 nm, polydispersity index 0.412 and zeta potential −16.21 mV. XRD data confirmed the presence of crystalline gold in andrographolide-AuNPs. TEM (20–50 nm) and FE-SEM (20–25 nm) indicated the presence of nearly spherical particle. DRRV envenomation followed by treatment with andrographolide-AuNPs provided protection against venom induced edema, hemorrhage, defibrination, organ toxicity and inflammation in animal model. Venom neutralization by andrographolide-AuNPs was > andrographolide, which confirmed the increased efficacy of andrographolide after gold nanoparticle conjugation, may be due to anti-oxidant/anti-inflammatory activity of andrographolide, showing increased efficacy after gold nanoparticle tagging. Thus, andrographolide-AuNPs may serve as a supportive therapy in snakebite (against venom induced local damage, organ toxicity and inflammatory response) subject to further detail studies.

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