scholarly journals Oral acute and sub-chronic toxicity assessment of aqueous leaf extract of Simarouba glauca DC (Paradise tree)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 239-247
Author(s):  
SD. E. Osagie-Eweka ◽  
N.E.J. Orhue ◽  
E.K.I. Omogbai ◽  
F.C. Amaechina
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Aqueous Leaf Extract ◽  
Simarouba Glauca

scholarly journals Oral Acute & Sub-Chronic Toxicity Assessment of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Simarouba glauca

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-100
Author(s):  
Sammydavies E. Osagie-Eweka ◽  
Noghayin E. J. Orhue ◽  
Eric K. I. Omogbai ◽  
Fabian O. Amaechina
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Plasma Creatinine ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Hepatocellular Damage ◽  
Simarouba Glauca ◽  
Control Plasma

Traditional herbal medicine and their preparations have been widely used for thousands of years and are still in use in developing and developed countries owing to their medicinal values and their presumed relative safety. This belief that medicinal plants are not toxic or are with less side effect due to their natural origin is debatable; hence this study was conducted to evaluate the safety and (or) toxicity of Ethanol leaf extract of Simarouba glauca (EESG) on liver, kidney and heart functions of Wistar rats. The oral acute toxicity of EESG was evaluated in line with Lorke’s method. The sub-chronic toxicity of EESG was carried out according to the OECD guidelines with modification and using a total of twenty-four (24) male Wistar rats; divided into four groups of six rats each, following a two-week acclimatization. Test rats were orally administered EESG at doses of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight respectively daily for thirty (30) days, while the control was given only feed and water ad libitum. At the end of the experiment, the rats were fasted overnight and sacrificed under chloroform anesthesia; relevant biochemical and histopathology analyses were carried out. The data obtained from the oral acute test indicate that the LD50 was above 5000 mg/kg and there was no death recorded. There were significant increases (P ˂ 0.05) in percentage (%) body weight of rats administered respective doses of EESG. There were significant reductions (P˂0.05) in mean liver: body weight ratio of rats administered EESG 500 and 2000 mg/kg respectively, significant reductions (P˂0.05) in mean kidney: body weight ratios of rats given EESG 1000 and 2000 mg/kg respectively; significant reductions (P˂0.05) in mean heart: body weight ratios of test rats administered EESG 2000 mg/kg; whereas others were not significantly different (P˃0.05) relative to their respective control. Plasma ALT and GGT activities of rats administered respective dose of EESG were significantly reduced (P˂0.05); plasma ALP activities were significantly elevated (P˂0.05) relative to the control after 30 days. There were no significant differences (P˃0.05) in plasma total proteins and albumin levels. Plasma total and unconjugated bilirubin of rats administered respective dose of EESG were not significantly different (P˃0.05); whereas, rats given EESG recorded significant reduction in plasma conjugated bilirubin. Plasma urea was significantly elevated (P˂0.05) in rats administered EESG 1000 and 2000 mg/kg respectively. Test rats given EESG 500 and 1000 mg/kg respectively recorded significant elevations in plasma creatinine and rats given EESG 2000 mg/kg recorded significant decrease in plasma creatinine levels; others were not significantly different relative to the control. Plasma chloride and potassium ion levels of rats administered respective doses of EESG were not significantly different (P˃0.05); significant reduction (P˂0.05) in plasma sodium ions concentration in all group compared to the control. Plasma calcium ion levels in all group were not significantly different (P˃0.05); whereas there were significant reductions (P˂0.05) in plasma bicarbonate ion levels relative to their respective controls. Although plasma ALP activity were significantly elevated, there were no elevations in specific liver function enzymes and no visible hepatocellular damage. Furthermore, the conspicuous elevations observed in plasma urea and creatinine levels do not exclusively indicate EESG-induced organ injury. Therefore, it is suggestive that EESG was not significantly toxic to the to the liver, kidney and heart respectively and may be administered at lower doses in further studies.

scholarly journals Effects of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Simarouba glauca DC (Simaroubaceae) on Lipoprotein Homeostasis and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-29
Author(s):  
Sammydavies E. Osagie-Eweka ◽  
Noghayin J. Orhue ◽  
Eric I. Omogbai
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Aqueous Leaf Extract ◽  
Simarouba Glauca ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Background and Purpose: Simarouba glauca is widely reported to contain a number of biologically active compounds with potentials in the treatment of numerous diseases. The study was conducted to evaluate the sub-acute effects of the aqueous leaf extract of Simarouba glauca (AESG) on lipoproteins and oxidative stress biomarkers in male Wistar rats. Methods: Oral administration of AESG was carried out in line with the guidelines of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), No. 425 using a total of 24 male Wistar rats allotted to four groups (n=6); given distilled water, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day of AESG respectively for 30 days. Results: In plasma, there was a significant reduction (P?0.05) in HDL-cholesterol; elevated (P?0.05) triglycerides (TG) at 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day; elevated (P?0.05), and LDL-cholesterol at 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day, relative to the control. While the level of liver total cholesterol (TC) reduced significantly, it increased in the heart. Catalase (CAT) activity in the liver increased significantly (P?0.05) at all doses. The dose of 1000 mg/kg/day significantly (P?0.05) elevated kidney CAT activity. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver and heart reduced (P?0.05) at 500 mg/kg/day. At all doses, the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) in plasma, liver and heart were comparable with the control. Although, there were no significant changes in plasma and liver glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity at all doses, animals given 500 mg/kg had reduction (P?0.05) in the heart GSH-PX activity compared to the control. Conclusion: Oral sub-acute AESG at high doses altered lipid homeostasis in plasma and heart without lipid peroxidation or oxidative stress. The extract has the potential to cause hyperlipidemia.

scholarly journals Chronic Toxicity Studies of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Voacanga africana in Wistar Rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 639
Author(s):  
Igbe Ighodaro ◽  
Silvanus Innih ◽  
Stephen Vincent Ogedengbe ◽  
Lucy Amamina
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
Aqueous Leaf Extract

Cytoprotective and antiadhesive effects of aqueous leaf extract from Orthosiphon aristatus against uropathogenic E. coli

Planta Medica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 81 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S1-S381 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Sarshar ◽  
MR Asadi Karam ◽  
M Habibi ◽  
S Bouzari ◽  
X Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Aqueous Leaf Extract

Insecticidal Activities of the Leaf Extract of the Invasive Alien Plant, Chromolaena odorata (L.) (Asteraceae) Against Macrotermes species (Termites)

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-153
Author(s):  
O. Uyi, ◽  
I.G. Amolo ◽  
A.D. Adetimehin
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Chromolaena Odorata ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Alien Plant ◽  
Biological Efficacy ◽  
Invasive Alien Plant ◽  
Impregnation Technique ◽  
Aqueous Leaf Extract ◽  
Worker Caste

Several studies have demonstrated the biological efficacy of leaf, stem and root powders or extracts of Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson against insect pests but those that are focused on the biological efficacy of aqueous leaf extracts against Macrotermes species are scanty. Current management of termites with synthetic insecticides is being discouraged due to human and environmental hazards. Therefore, the insecticidal effectiveness of aqueous leaf extract C. odorata against Macrotermes species was investigated. Five concentrations (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0% (w/v)) of the aqueous extract of C. odorata plant were evaluated for repellency and toxicity on the worker caste of Macrotermes species following standard procedures. The filter paper impregnation technique was used for the bioassay. Percentage repellency was monitored for 30 minutes and mortality recorded at 12, 24 and 36 hours post exposure. The leaf extract of C. odorata significantly repelled 95% of Macrotermes species at the highest concentration of 10% (w/v) after 30 minutes post treatment exposure. Mortality of Macrotermes species was independent of treatment concentration, but dependent on duration of exposure. All treatment concentrations of aqueous leaf extract of C. odorata caused significant mortality against Macrotermes species ranging between 94% and 98% compared to the control; indicating very great potential for adoption and use in the management of Macrotermes species.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Allamanda cathartica L. Leaf Extract and Evaluation for Antimicrobial Activity

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 2260-2268
Author(s):  
M. Linga Rao ◽  
Bhumi G ◽  
Savithramma N
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Metallic Silver ◽  
Synthesis Of Nanoparticles ◽  
Aqueous Leaf Extract

Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) exhibit tremendous applications in medicine as antimicrobial agent.  The use of different parts of plants for the synthesis of nanoparticles is considered as a green technology as it does not involve any harmful chemicals.  In the present study, we report a rapid biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from aqueous leaf extract of medicinal plant Allamanda cathartica.  The active phytochemicals present in the plant were responsible for the quick reduction of silver ion to metallic silver nanoparticles. The reduced silver nanoparticles were characterized by using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-ray (EDAX) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).  The spherical shaped silver nanoparticles were observed and it was found to 19-40 nm range of size.  These phytosynthesized SNPs were tested for their antimicrobial activity and it analyzed by measuring the inhibitory zone. A. cathartica aqueous leaf extract of SNPs showed highest toxicity to Pseudomonas followed by Klebsiella, Bacillus and E. coli and lowest toxicity towards Proteus. In fungal species, highest inhibition zone was noted against Rhizopus followed by Curvularia, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger and minimum inhibition zone was observed against Fusarium species.  These results suggest a promising potential of Indian plant-based green chemistry for production of SNPs for biomedical and nanotechnology applications.

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