Immune response related to Pelibuey sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes in a tropical region of Mexico

AbstractThe host-protective immune response to infection with gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes involves a range of interacting processes that begin with recognition of the parasite's antigens and culminate in an inflammatory reaction in the intestinal mucosa. Precisely which immune effectors are responsible for the loss of specific worms is still not known although many candidate effectors have been proposed. However, it is now clear that many different genes regulate the response and that differences between hosts (fast or strong versus slow or weak responses) can be explained by allelic variation in crucial genes associated with the gene cascade that accompanies the immune response and/or genes encoding constitutively expressed receptor/signalling molecules. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes have been recognized for some time as decisive in controlling immunity, and evidence that non-MHC genes are equally, if not more important in this respect has also been available for two decades. Nevertheless, whilst the former have been mapped in mice, only two candidate loci have been proposed for non-MHC genes and relatively little is known about their roles. Now, with the availability of microsatellite markers, it is possible to exploit linkage mapping techniques to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) responsible for resistance to GI nematodes. Four QTL for resistance to Heligmosomoides polygyrus, and additional QTL affecting faecal egg production by the worms and the accompanying immune responses, have been identified. Fine mapping and eventually the identification of the genes (and their alleles) underlying QTL for resistance/susceptibility will permit informed searches for homologues in domestic animals, and human beings, through comparative genomic maps. This information in turn will facilitate targeted breeding to improve resistance in domestic animals and, in human beings, focused application of treatment and control strategies for GI nematodes.

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The immune response and the evaluation of acquired immunity against gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle: a review

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182099005776 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 120 (7) ◽

pp. 25-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

E. CLAEREBOUT ◽

J. VERCRUYSSE

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Protective Immunity ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽

Acquired Immunity ◽

Immunological Parameters ◽

Iga Response

The present review discusses the immune responses to gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle and the different immunological and parasitological parameters used to assess acquired immunity. Measuring acquired immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle (e.g. for the evaluation of candidate parasite vaccines) is hampered by the limited understanding of bovine immune responses against gastrointestinal parasites. In this paper the available data on protective immunity against gastrointestinal nematodes, and especially Ostertagia ostertagi, in cattle are compared with the current knowledge of protective immune responses against gastrointestinal nematodes in rodent models and small ruminants. In contrast to the immune response in mice, which is controlled by T helper 2 (Th2) lymphocytes and results in mast cell- or goblet cell- mediated expulsion of adult worms, bovine immune responses to O. ostertagi do not show a clear Th2 cytokine profile, nor do they result in rapid expulsion of the parasite. The first manifestation of immunity to O. ostertagi in calves is a reduction of worm fecundity, possibly regulated by the local IgA response. Worm numbers are only reduced after a prolonged period of host–parasite contact, and there are indications that O. ostertagi actively suppresses the host's immune response. Until the mechanisms of protective immunity against O. ostertagi are revealed, the use of immunological parameters to estimate acquired immunity in cattle is based on their correlation with parasitological parameters and on extrapolation from rodent and small ruminant models. Assessing the resistance of calves against a challenge infection by means of parasitological parameters is probably still the most accurate way to measure acquired immunity against gastrointestinal nematodes.

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Effect of lactation on the immune response to gastrointestinal nematodes

Veterinary Record ◽

10.1136/vr.99.24.476 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 99 (24) ◽

pp. 476-477 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

R. Connan

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes

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Comparative response of IgA and IgG activity and hematological parameters among four main beef-cattle breeds infected with gastrointestinal nematodes in the warm humid tropic of Mexico

Annals of Animal Science ◽

10.1515/aoas-2016-0089 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 819-833 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Roberto González-Garduño ◽

María E. López Arellano ◽

Pedro Mendoza de Gives ◽

Javier Arece García ◽

Carine Marie-Magdeleine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hematological Parameters ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Tropical Region ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Brown Swiss ◽

Breed Group ◽

Comparative Response ◽

Fixed Model ◽

Leukocyte Counts

Abstract This study determined the immunoglobulin (A and G) activity against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and also the hematological parameters in four beef-calf breeds naturally infected in a tropical region of Mexico. Thirty-six infected calves were used to determine the fecal nematode egg counts (FEC), the IgA and IgG activity in serum and saliva, the packed cell volume (PCV), the plasmatic protein (PP) and the differential leukocyte counts. These parameters were measured for a five-month period. ELISA assay was performed using adult worm crude antigen (AWCA) from Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Mecistocirrus digitatus and Cooperia punctata. The variables were analyzed using a fixed model according to the breed group. The FEC records (means ± standard deviation) for the different breeds were: Brangus (122±115), Charolais (391±507), Guzerat (294±326) and Brown Swiss (413±395). No statistical differences (P>0.05) were found among breeds. Cooperia and Haemonchus were the main identified genera in the coprocultures. Differences in hematological parameters were observed among breeds (P<0.01); Guzerat showed the highest PCV (42.6±4.7%). The lowest leukocyte counts were observed in the Charolais breed (9.2±2.4 × 109 cells L-1). Differences between Guzerat and Charolais were only detected in eosinophils, neutrophils and lymphocytes. Increased activity of IgA was observed against M. digitatus (21% OD) compared with the response against C. punctata in serum samples (13% OD). The lowest IgA activity in serum and saliva was found in Guzerat calves. Charolais and Brown Swiss showed the highest IgA activity in serum and the highest value in saliva was found in Brangus.

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Maize supplementation of Pelibuey sheep in a silvopastoral system: fodder selection, nutrient intake and resilience against gastrointestinal nematodes

animal ◽

10.1017/s1751731111001339 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 145-153 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

C. Retama-Flores ◽

J.F.J. Torres-Acosta ◽

C.A. Sandoval-Castro ◽

A.J. Aguilar-Caballero ◽

R. Cámara-Sarmiento ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Intake ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Silvopastoral System ◽

Pelibuey Sheep

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An explicit immunogenetic model of gastrointestinal nematode infection in sheep

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2014.0416 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 (99) ◽

pp. 20140416 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Joaquín Prada Jiménez de Cisneros ◽

Michael J. Stear ◽

Colette Mair ◽

Darran Singleton ◽

Thorsten Stefan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Selective Breeding ◽

Adaptive Immune Response ◽

Infection Intensity ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽

High Plasma ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Development Of Resistance ◽

Infection Dynamics

Gastrointestinal nematodes are a global cause of disease and death in humans, wildlife and livestock. Livestock infection has historically been controlled with anthelmintic drugs, but the development of resistance means that alternative controls are needed. The most promising alternatives are vaccination, nutritional supplementation and selective breeding, all of which act by enhancing the immune response. Currently, control planning is hampered by reliance on the faecal egg count (FEC), which suffers from low accuracy and a nonlinear and indirect relationship with infection intensity and host immune responses. We address this gap by using extensive parasitological, immunological and genetic data on the sheep– Teladorsagia circumcincta interaction to create an immunologically explicit model of infection dynamics in a sheep flock that links host genetic variation with variation in the two key immune responses to predict the observed parasitological measures. Using our model, we show that the immune responses are highly heritable and by comparing selective breeding based on low FECs versus high plasma IgA responses, we show that the immune markers are a much improved measure of host resistance. In summary, we have created a model of host–parasite infections that explicitly captures the development of the adaptive immune response and show that by integrating genetic, immunological and parasitological understanding we can identify new immune-based markers for diagnosis and control.

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Benzimidazole-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes in indigenous Chiapas and Pelibuey sheep breeds from Chiapas, Mexico

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x13000618 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 89 (1) ◽

pp. 80-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. Liébano-Hernández ◽

M. González-Olvera ◽

C. Vázquez-Peláez ◽

P. Mendoza-de-Gives ◽

G. Ramírez-Vargas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Genetic Mutation ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Tubulin Gene ◽

Sheep Breeds ◽

Pelibuey Sheep

AbstractBecause of the natural adaptation of Mexican sheep, the aim of the present study was to identify the presence or absence of gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes (GIN) resistant to benzimidazole (BZ) in both Chiapas and Pelibuey sheep breeds on local farms. Both male and female GIN-infected grazing sheep of the two breeds were selected. Sheep faecal samples were collected to obtain infective larvae (L3). This evolving stage of the parasite was used for taxonomic identification of the genus, based on its morphological characteristics. BZ anthelmintic resistance was evaluated using a nematode–compound in vitro interaction bioassay and the allele-specific polymerase chain reaction technique to detect mutations of residues 198 and 200 on isotype 1 of the β-tubulin gene. Three BZ-based compounds (febendazole (FBZ), tiabendazole (TBZ) and albendazole (ABZ)) at concentrations of 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.062 and 0.03 mg/ml were used to estimate the anthelmintic efficacy and lethal dose (LD50, LD90 and LD99) of the drugs. Two parasitic nematodes, Haemonchus and Teladorsagia, were identified in both isolates. Also, the proportions of anthelmintic resistance identified in GIN of the two sheep breeds were 68% in isolates from the Chiapas breed and 71.8% in the Pelibuey breed. The specific lethal activity obtained with FBZ was higher than 90%. However, TBZ and ABZ showed a lethal activity lower than 50%. High variability in the discriminating dose values was found among the BZ drugs. For example, FBZ LD ranged from 0.01 to 1.20 mg/ml; on the other hand, TBZ and ABZ required a dose ranging from 0.178 to 759 mg/ml. In addition, amino acid changes of Phe (TTC) to Tyr (TAC) at codon 200 of the β-tubulin gene, showing resistance to BZ, and no changes at codon 198 Glu (GAA) to Ala (GCA) were observed for both isolates. These results confirmed the presence of a genetic mutation associated with BZ in both Chiapas and Pelibuey nematode isolates.

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