Need of integrated monitoring on reference glacier catchments for future water security in Himalaya

Monitoring of sea water condition is one of major requirements for carrying out the reliable ecological control of water environment. Monitoring networks contain such elements as sea buoys, beacons, etc. and are designated for measuringvarious hydrophysical parameters, including salinity of sea water. Development of specialized network and a separate buoy system for measuring thesea water salinity at different depths makes it possible to determine major regularities of processes of pollution and self-recovery of the sea waters. The article describes the scientific and methodological basics for development of this specialized network and questions of its optimal construction. It is well-known that at a depth of 30-45 m of the Caspian Sea salinity decreases and then at a depth of 45-60 m salinity is fully recovered. The mentioned changes of salinity at the relatively upper layer of sea waters is of special interest for studying the effect of ocean-going processes on the climate forming in the Caspian area. In terms of informativeness of measurements of surface waters salinity, the most informative is a layer ata 30-60 m depth, where inversion and recovery of salinity take place. It is shown that in most informative subrange of measurements, i. e. at a depth of 30-60 m optimization of regime of measurements complex should be carried out in order to increase the effectiveness of held researches. It is shown that at a depth of 35-50 m choice of the optimum regime of measurements makes it possible to obtain the maximum amount of information.

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Water Governance and Management in Indus Basin - Challenges & Threats

Studies of Applied Economics ◽

10.25115/eea.v38i3.3601 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Marium Sara Minhas Bandeali

Keyword(s):

Water Management ◽

Civil Society ◽

Water Resources ◽

Water Policy ◽

Water Governance ◽

Sustainable Use ◽

Water Security ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

The State ◽

Indus Basin

Water governance and management are important challenges for the River Indus Basin in Pakistan. Water governance refers to social, political and economic factors that influence water management. The water scarcity and water security are a major concern for the state to control its water resources. The study aims to give Sindh water policy by exploring the challenges to Indus Basin in managing water resources and to identify opportunities Indus Basin can look to improve water management. Interviews were conducted from water experts and analysts having 5 years’ experience or more in the water sector of Pakistan through a semi-structured self-developed questionnaire using purposive sampling technique and transcripts were analyzed using thematic content analysis. The findings show that increasing population, climatic change and rising demand of water are major challenges Indus is facing and Indus with time is getting water-scarce therefore need strong institutions, civil society and legislatures to ensure equitable distribution of water and maintain the ecosystem. The study emphasizes that water governance and management are necessary for sustainable use of water. Pakistan, the water stress country needs to address ‘governance’ at a wider scale to solve problems in the Indus Basin for the livelihood of people. The research will benefit the state, water experts, institutions as well as civil society to promote efficient use of water in Indus Basin.

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