Treatment-driven removal efficiency, product formation, and toxicity evolution of antineoplastic agents: Current status and implications for water safety assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 206 ◽  
pp. 117729
Author(s):  
Shengqi Zhang ◽  
Chengsong Ye ◽  
Jianguo Li ◽  
Xin Yu ◽  
Mingbao Feng
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Antineoplastic Agents ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Water Safety

scholarly journals One-step removal of lead from water using an electricity-free and sustainable membrane filtration

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 166-172
Author(s):  
Junwei Zhang ◽  
Yan Tung Lo ◽  
Hao Guo ◽  
Chuyang Tang
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Drinking Water Contamination ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Drinking Water Safety ◽  
Effective Removal ◽  
Volumetric Loading

Lead (Pb) is a typical contaminant in water with adverse effects on human health. Hong Kong’s incident of drinking water contamination by Pb in 2015 caused severe public concerns regarding drinking water safety. Conventional treatment methods for Pb removal generally require electricity, chemical dosage, and considerable time and space, which significantly restrict their use for rapid water purification under emergency situations. In this study, a polyvinyl alcohol/polyacrylic acid (PVA/PAA) composite nanofibrous membrane was developed for the rapid and effective removal of Pb from water. The PVA/PAA membrane had a high water permeability of 550 L/m2/h/kPa - 710 L/m2/h/kPa, which allowed the filtration to be driven by gravity (e.g. with a water height of 10.0 cm). The membrane showed consistently high removal efficiency of Pb (> 95%) with a volumetric loading up to 3000 L/m2. This high removal efficiency was attributed to the combined effects of complexing and electrostatic attraction between Pb and PAA. An esculent citric acid was used to regenerate the exhausted PVA/PAA membrane. The regenerated membrane maintained its removal efficiency of Pb over a five-cycle filtration. These results imply that the PVA/PAA composite membrane can be repeatedly used in electricity-free filtration devices for rapid elimination of Pb under emergency situations.

Current Status of the Japanese Geological Repository Programme

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazumi Kitayama
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Project Management ◽  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Geological Disposal ◽  
Geological Repository ◽  
Deep Geological Disposal ◽  
Site Characterisation

The programme for disposal of radioactive waste in Japan is now moving ahead on a number of fronts. On the regulatory side, responsibility for TRU waste disposal has been assigned to NUMO and guidelines for the safety goals for disposal of LLW have been published. NUMO, as the implementer for the deep geological disposal programme, has been developing the special tools for project management that are needed as a result of the decision to adopt a volunteering approach to siting. NUMO is also building up the technical infrastructure for flexible tailoring of site characterisation, repository design and the associated safety assessment to the conditions found in any volunteer site. This work requires openness and transparency in decision-making but, as several sites may need to be investigated in parallel, particular emphasis is placed on operational practicality.

scholarly journals Water Safety Assessment of Drinking Water of Hanjiang River in Wuhan City, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (13) ◽  
pp. 7135-7138
Author(s):  
Bai-Shan Li ◽  
Pei-Jiang Zhou ◽  
Xi-Yuan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Hanjiang River

Development of a Continuous Process to Produce Ti via Metallothermic Reduction of TiCl4 in Molten Salt

2013 ◽  
Vol 551 ◽  
pp. 16-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.S. van Vuuren ◽  
S.J. Oosthuizen ◽  
J.J. Swanepoel
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Metallothermic Reduction ◽  
Process Route ◽  
Project Risks ◽  
Two Stages

After evaluating many different routes to produce titanium, the CSIR of South Africa selected a process to produce titanium powder continuously via metallothermic reduction of TiCl4 in molten salt. The project risks are being managed using the well-known STAGE/GATE method. The first two stages, viz, Route Selection and Preliminary Assessment have been completed and the next stage entailing campaigns extending over several days of uninterrupted operation, producing titanium at a rate of about 2 kg/h has recently begun. The rationale for selecting the process route is briefly reviewed and key process problems that had to be solved before embarking on scale-up and measures to do so are explained. Specific problems are: • Feed line blockages, • Titanium product formation and adherence to reactor internals, • Agglomerate formation; and • Production of very fine particles. Lastly the planned schedule and current status of the project are discussed.

Simultaneous biological removal of sulphide and nitrate by autotrophic denitrification in an activated sludge system

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 91-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Manconi ◽  
A. Carucci ◽  
P. Lens ◽  
S. Rossetti
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Electron Donor ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Fish Analysis ◽  
Autotrophic Denitrification ◽  
Biological Removal ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Activated Sludge Reactor ◽  
Denitrification Process

The feasibility of an autotrophic denitrification process in an activated sludge reactor, using sulphide as the electron donor, was tested for simultaneous denitrification and sulphide removal. The reactor was operated at nitrate (N) to sulphide (S) ratios between 0.5 and 0.9 to evaluate their effect on theN-removal efficiency, the S-removal efficiency and the product formation during anoxic oxidation of sulphide. One hundred per cent removal of both nitrate and sulphide was achieved at a NLR of 7.96 mmol N·L−1·d−1 (111.44 mg NO3−-N·L−1·d−1) and at a N/S ratio of 0.89 with complete oxidation of sulphide to sulphate. The oxygen level in the reactor (10%) was found to influence the N-removal efficiency by inhibiting the denitrification process. Moreover, chemical (or biological) oxidation of sulphide with oxygen occurred, resulting in a loss of the electron donor. FISH analysis was carried out to study the microbial population in the system.

Offshore Safety Assessment and Safety-Based Decision-Making—The Current Status and Future Aspects

1999 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wang ◽  
O. Kieran
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Safety Analysis ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Safety Critical ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Offshore Installations ◽  
Safety Case ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Further Development

The offshore installations (safety case) regulations were developed in the UK in 1992 and came into force in 1993 in response to the accepted findings of the Piper Alpha enquiry. Recently, “the offshore installations and wells (design and construction, etc.) regulations” (DCR 1996) were introduced to offshore safety analysis. From the earliest stages of the installation’s life cycle, operators must ensure that all safety-critical elements in both the software and system domains be assessed. Hazards can be identified and the risks associated with them can be assessed and evaluated using a number of techniques and decision-making strategies, all aimed at producing an installation with lifetime safety integrity. In this paper, following a brief review of the current status of offshore safety regulation in the UK, several offshore safety assessment frameworks are presented. These include top-down, bottom-up, probabilistic, and subjective approaches. The conditions under which each approach may be applied effectively and efficiently are discussed. Probabilistic safety-based decision-making and subjective safety-based decision-making are then studied. Two examples are used to demonstrate the decision-making approaches. Recommendations on further development in offshore safety analysis are suggested. [S0892-7219(00)00901-8]

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