A comparative measure of inclusive urbanisation in the cities of Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 100313
Author(s):  
George Angelopulo
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Measure

Field metabolic rate and water turnover of red kangaroos and sheep in an arid rangeland: an empirically derived dry-sheep-equivalent for kangaroos

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Munn ◽  
T. J. Dawson ◽  
S. R. McLeod ◽  
D. B. Croft ◽  
M. B. Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Field Metabolic Rate ◽  
Red Kangaroo ◽  
Resource Requirements ◽  
Comparative Measure

Sustainable management of pastures requires detailed knowledge of total grazing pressure, but this information is critically lacking in Australia’s rangelands where livestock co-occur with large herbivorous marsupials. We present the first comparative measure of the field metabolic rate (an index of food requirement) of Australia’s largest marsupial, the red kangaroo (Macropus rufus), with that of domestic sheep (Ovis aries; merino breed). We tested the assumption that the grazing pressure of red kangaroos is equivalent to 0.7 sheep, and show this to be a two-fold overestimation of their contribution to total grazing. Moreover, kangaroos had extraordinarily lower rates of water turnover, being only 13% that of sheep. Consequently, our data support arguments that the removal of kangaroos may not markedly improve rangeland capacity for domestic stock. Furthermore, given the low resource requirements of kangaroos, their use in consumptive and non-consumptive enterprises can provide additional benefits for Australia’s rangelands than may occur under traditional rangeland practices.

scholarly journals The potential of the pinhole as a visual aid in the developing world

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antony S. Carlson ◽  
Warren A. Carlson ◽  
William F. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Relative Performance ◽  
Visual Aids ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Lighting Conditions ◽  
Vision Correction ◽  
Visual Aid ◽  
Comparative Measure

Purpose: Providing vision correction in communities where healthcare facilities are unavailable is problematic. Here, we explore the possibility of using pinholes as near visual aids in the developing world.Method: Uncompensated (without the pinhole) proximal visual acuities (VAs) were measured and recorded for one eye of 45 presbyopic subjects over the age of 50 years in photopic (250 lux) and scotopic (20 lux) conditions. The proximal VAs were then repeated while the subjects looked through nine different pinholes.Results: The VAs varied with the diameter of each pinhole. A comparative measure was devised to determine the relative performance of different diameter pinholes as a near visual aid. The results suggest an improvement of more than 40% in VA in about 67% of subjects in good lighting conditions and about 60% in poorer lighting conditions.Conclusion: By creating more awareness that there are other ways of improving vision that cost almost nothing, visual impairment can be reduced until spectacles become available.

Conclusions and extensions

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-146
Author(s):  
Erik Bleich ◽  
Maurits van der Veen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Group Time ◽  
The Media ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Comparative Measure

The final chapter summarizes the main findings, the most important of which is that coverage of Muslims in the United States is strikingly negative by any comparative measure, whether group, time, country, or topic. It draws on these core findings to reflect on whether American newspapers—and the media more broadly—may be fostering Islamophobia, and how they serve to reinforce boundaries between social groups that contribute to ongoing stigmatization of Muslims. It suggests that journalists and citizens develop the instinct to tone-check the media in an effort to limit the harmful effects of the deep and abiding negativity so commonly associated with Muslims and Islam.

Determinants of Commercial Banks Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waqas Tariq ◽  
Muhammad Usman ◽  
Haseeb Zahid Mir ◽  
Inam Aman ◽  
Imran Ali
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Return On Equity ◽  
Net Interest Margin ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Direct Association ◽  
Gross Income ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Comparative Measure

As profitability is a comparative measure that describes the associations of total amount of profit with different factors. Thisstudy examines the influence of commercial banks determinants on the performance of commercial banks in Pakistan over the time period from 2004-2010. Consistency in performance is the basic reason for smooth running and presence of every financial institution.Profitability is the most significant and consistent indicator as it contributes huge amount of profitthat ultimately impacts its performance positively. The commercial bank’s profitability is found out by the return on equity (ROE) and net-interest margin(NIM). Result indicates that the capital strength of a bank is utmost significance in affecting its performance, as a well-capitalized bank is observed to be less risky and such edge lead to high profitability. The assets quality, measured by the loans loss provisions, affects the performance of the banks positively and bank size as deposit indicates direct association with profitability as large banks earn more profit instead of small banks. Inflation and NIGI affects the bank’s profitability inversely as increase inflation affects banks cost that increased and its earning main source is its fee that it charge on its services but free services without any charges decrease in gross income that lead a reduction in profit. This study is important and worthwhile for all commercial banks mangers regarding performance decisions of banks. As the development of the banking sector depends profoundly on strong decision making that leads to the efficiency and performance

A Comparative Measure of Decentralization for Southeast Asia

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Shair-Rosenfield ◽  
Gary Marks ◽  
Liesbet Hooghe
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Regional Governance ◽  
Flexible Tool ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Regional Authority ◽  
Subnational Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Comparative Measure

In this article we set out a fine-grained measure of the formal authority of intermediate subnational government for Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, South Korea, and Thailand that is designed to be a flexible tool in the hands of researchers and policymakers. It improves on prior measures by providing annual estimates across ten dimensions of regional authority; it disaggregates to the level of the individual region; and it examines individual regional tiers, asymmetric regions, and regions with special arrangements. We use the measure and its elements to summarize six decades of regional governance in Southeast Asia and conclude by noting how the Regional Authority index could further the dialogue between theory and empirics in the study of decentralization and democratization.

Quantifying the Colonized/Colonist Relationship: Suicide as a Comparative Measure of Stress in Gibraltar

2004 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Sawchuk ◽  
Janet Padiak ◽  
John D. Purcell
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Measure

scholarly journals The Measurement of Use of Web-based Information Resources: An Early Look at Vendor-supplied Data

2001 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 434-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah D. Blecic ◽  
Joan B. Fiscella ◽  
Stephen E. Wiberley
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Journal ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Data Gaps ◽  
Need To Evaluate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Data Elements ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Comparative Measure

To manage Web-based resources effectively, librarians need to evaluate vendor-supplied data about their use. This article explores the types of data available, using as its starting point the elements defined by the International Coalition of Library Consortia’s (ICOLC) “Guidelines for Statistical Measures of Usage of Web-based Indexed, Abstracted, and Full-text Resources.” It discusses the problems and issues of comparing use data from different vendors. Then, illustrated with data from one library, the article addresses five measures that have implications for collection management: variability of ICOLC data elements over time, which demonstrated the need to examine data continually; ratios of queries per session, which showed more stability over time than individual ICOLC elements; use by hour, which documented remote use but confirmed that most use occurred during regular library hours; use of electronic journal collections, which was more scattered than the classic 80/20 distribution; and use of Web-based resources in relation to a disciplinary population, which provided an index of value for assessing use of a particular resource. This study identifies aspects of data collection that librarians need to pay special attention to, recommends that vendors report the maximum number of simultaneous users per day and data gaps in addition to ICOLC elements, and suggests per capita use as a comparative measure among libraries.

scholarly journals Comparing evolvability and variability of quantitative traits.

Genetics ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Houle
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Stabilizing Selection ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Weak Selection ◽  
Residual Variation ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Genetic Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Environmental Events ◽  
Genetic Coefficient ◽  
Comparative Measure

Abstract There are two distinct reasons for making comparisons of genetic variation for quantitative characters. The first is to compare evolvabilities, or ability to respond to selection, and the second is to make inferences about the forces that maintain genetic variability. Measures of variation that are standardized by the trait mean, such as the additive genetic coefficient of variation, are appropriate for both purposes. Variation has usually been compared as narrow sense heritabilities, but this is almost always an inappropriate comparative measure of evolvability and variability. Coefficients of variation were calculated from 842 estimates of trait means, variances and heritabilities in the literature. Traits closely related to fitness have higher additive genetic and nongenetic variability by the coefficient of variation criterion than characters under weak selection. This is the reverse of the accepted conclusion based on comparisons of heritability. The low heritability of fitness components is best explained by their high residual variation. The high additive genetic and residual variability of fitness traits might be explained by the great number of genetic and environmental events they are affected by, or by a lack of stabilizing selection to reduce their phenotypic variance. Over one-third of the quantitative genetics papers reviewed did not report trait means or variances. Researchers should always report these statistics, so that measures of variation appropriate to a variety of situations may be calculated.

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