scholarly journals Occurrence of male-specific and somatic coliphages and relationship with rainfall in privately-owned wells from peri-urban and rural households

2021 ◽  
pp. 100102
Author(s):  
Megan A. Stallard ◽  
Riley Mulhern ◽  
Emily Greenwood ◽  
Taylor Franklin ◽  
Lawrence S. Engel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Households ◽  
Somatic Coliphages ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Privately Owned

UV Inactivation of Indigenous Male Specific and Somatic Coliphages, and Treatment Implications

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (11) ◽  
pp. 3541-3546
Author(s):  
Thomas Worley-Morse ◽  
Melanie Mann ◽  
Raul Gonzalez ◽  
Linda Gowman ◽  
Mike Sasges
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Coliphages ◽  
Male Specific

scholarly journals An assessment of water quality and microbial risk in Rio Grande basin in the United States–Mexican border region

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hodon Ryu ◽  
Absar Alum ◽  
Morteza Abbaszadegan ◽  
Maria Alvarez ◽  
Jose Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
The United States ◽  
Microbial Inactivation ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Somatic Coliphages ◽  
Male Specific

Increased reliance of urban populations on Rio Grande water has necessitated an expanded microbial surveillance of the river to help identify and evaluate sources of human pathogens, which could pose a public health risk. The objectives of this study were to investigate microbial and chemical water quality in Rio Grande water and to perform risk assessment analyses for Cryptosporidium. No oocysts in any of the ten-litre samples were detected. However, the limit of detection in the water samples ranged between 20 and 200 oocysts/100 L. The limits of detection obtained in this study would result in one to two orders of magnitude higher risk of infection for Cryptosporidium than the U.S.EPA annual acceptable risk level of 10−4. The bacterial data showed the significance of animal farming and raw sewage as sources of fecal pollution. Male specific and somatic coliphages were detected in 52% (11/21) and 62% (24/39) of the samples, respectively. Somatic coliphages were greater by one order of magnitude, and were better correlated with total (r2=0.6801; p≤0.05) and fecal coliform bacteria (r2=0.7366; p≤0.05) than male specific coliphages. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) values ranged 2.58–5.59 mg/L and 1.23–2.29 m−1 (mg/l)−1, respectively. Low SUVA values of raw water condition make it difficult to remove DOC during physical and chemical treatment processes. The microbial and chemical data provided from this study can help drinking water utilities to maintain balance between greater microbial inactivation and reduced disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation.

Landholdings among Tribal Rural Households of Meghalaya and Its Impact on Credit Markets

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-107
Author(s):  
Charlene M Swer ◽  
Sumarbin Umdor
Keyword(s):  
Rural Households ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Ownership Status ◽  
Limited Applicability ◽  
Traditional Institutions ◽  
Customary Land ◽  
Ownership Rights ◽  
Privately Owned ◽  
Land Community

This study examines the unique landholding arrangements among the indigenous tribal in rural Meghalaya, and its implication on borrowing behaviour of the households. Three arrangements of landholding are prevalent among the rural households of the state consisting of privately owned land, community-owned land and rented land with more than two-thirds of households having land that is privately owned. However, the majority of these households are in possession of customary land possession titles issued by traditional institutions which has limited applicability as collateral while borrowing from banks. Credit participation rate is found to be significantly associated with land ownership status and possession of ownership title on privately owned land. While banks are the main suppliers of credit due to the absence of money lenders in the study area, households have preferred to use other collateral instead of land while borrowing from banks because of the complexity of ownership rights and titling in tribal-dominated areas of Meghalaya.

Microbial indicator removal in onsite constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in the southeastern U.S.

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.C. Barrett ◽  
M.D. Sobsey ◽  
C.H. House ◽  
K.D. White
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Somatic Coliphages ◽  
Wastewater Indicator ◽  
Male Specific

Seven onsite constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in the coastal plains of Alabama and North Carolina were studied from September 1997 to July 1998. Each site was examined for its ability to remove a range of fecal contamination indicators from settled wastewater. Indicator organisms include total and fecal coliforms, enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, and somatic and male-specific (F+) coliphages. Four identical domestic wastewater treatment sites in Alabama were evaluated. In these sites the Log10 geometric mean reductions ranged between 0.5 and 2.6 for total and fecal coliforms, 0.1 and 1.5 for enterococci, 1.2 to 2.7 for C. perfringens, -0.3 and 1.2 for somatic coliphages, and -0.2 and 2.2 for F+ coliphages. Three unique designs were examined in North Carolina. Log10 geometric mean reductions ranged between 0.8 to 4.2 for total and fecal coliforms, 0.3 to 2.9 for enterococci, 1.6 to 2.9 for C. perfringens, -0.2 and 2.8 for somatic coliphages, and -0.1 and 1.5 for F+ coliphages. Somatic and F+ coliphage detection was highly variable from month to month.

Microbiological quality of groundwater sources used by rural communities in Limpopo Province, South Africa

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 371-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Potgieter ◽  
L.S. Mudau ◽  
F.R.S. Maluleke
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Somatic Coliphages ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Borehole Water ◽  
Privately Owned

A survey of the microbiological quality of water from 194 boreholes (97 privately owned and 97 communal boreholes) in the rural Thitale-Hlanganani area of the Limpopo Province, South Africa was carried out between August 2002 and August 2003. Very little information on the microbiological quality of privately-owned boreholes in rural communities is available raising concerns about the safety of these groundwater supplies. In this study, levels of total coliforms, thermotolerant (faecal) coliforms, faecal enterococci, Clostridium perfringens (vegetative cells and spores) and somatic coliphages were determined for community and privately-owned borehole water. The average counts for total coliforms, faecal coliforms, faecal enterococci and Clostridium perfringens exceeded the South African recommended guideline limits of 0–10 counts.100 ml−1 for total coliforms and 0 counts.100 ml−1 for faecal coliforms, faecal enterococci and Clostridium perfringens respectively. Comparisons between the levels of indicator bacteria present in private and communal boreholes during dry seasons indicated a statistical difference for faecal enterococci bacteria (p=0.005) and Clostridium perfringens (p=0.08). Comparisons between the levels of indicator bacteria present in private and communal boreholes during rainy seasons indicated statistical differences between total coliforms (p=0.05), faecal coliforms (p=0.03) and Clostridium perfringens (p=0.009) bacteria. No significant differences in the presence of somatic coliphages in both private and communal borehole water were see. The results indicated the need for environmental impact assessment studies to monitor the microbiological quality of groundwater sources in rural communities.

A Tenth Aniiversary Appraisal: Collectivisation in Retrospect: The “Socialist High Tide” of Autumn 1955–Spring 1956

1966 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 1-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Chinese Communist Party ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Policy Statements ◽  
Chinese Agriculture ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Privately Owned

In July 1955 Mao Tse-tung made one of his rare public policy statements when he addressed party secretaries of provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions “on the question of co-operativisation.” It proved to be one of the most important speeches in recent Chinese history, terminating a dispute about the nature and timing of agricultural socialisation which had been going on inside the Chinese Communist Party for three years. Coming from Mao, this was not merely a contribution to the debate, but the final, authoritative pronouncement on what policy should be. Its impact was swift and dramatic. At that time only 16.9 million (14·2 per cent.) of the 120 million peasant families in China were members of co-operatives, almost all of which were semi-socialist in character. Hardly any fully socialist collectives existed. But between autumn 1955 and spring 1956, a “high tide of socialism in the countryside” transformed most of Chinese agriculture, replacing the traditional small privately-owned farms by large co-operatives and collectives. By May 1956,91·2 per cent. of China's rural households had joined co-operatives, 61·9 per cent. of them collectives.

Climate Change and Land Use Change of Rural Households in The Red River Delta, Vietnam

2013 ◽  
pp. 79-94
Author(s):  
Ngoc Luu Bich
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
River Delta ◽  
Red River ◽  
Red River Delta ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Main Production ◽  
Farming Households

Climate change (CC) and its impacts on the socio-economy and the development of communities has become an issue causing very special concern. The rise in global temperatures, in sea levels, extreme weather phenomena, and salinization have occurred more and more and have directly influenced the livelihoods of rural households in the Red River Delta – one of the two regions projected to suffer strongly from climate change in Vietnam. For farming households in this region, the major and traditional livelihoods are based on main production materials as agricultural land, or aquacultural water surface Changes in the land use of rural households in the Red River Delta during recent times was influenced strongly by the Renovation policy in agriculture as well as the process of industrialization and modernization in the country. Climate change over the past 5 years (2005-2011) has started influencing household land use with the concrete manifestations being the reduction of the area cultivated and the changing of the purpose of land use.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document