Hox11 expression characterizes developing zeugopod synovial joints and is coupled to postnatal articular cartilage morphogenesis into functional zones in mice

Fluid flow and mass transport mechanisms associated with articular cartilage function are important biomechanical processes of normal and pathological synovial joints. A three-layer permeable, two-phase medium of an incompressible fluid and a linear elastic solid are used to model the flow and deformational behavior of articular cartilage. The frictional resistance of the relative motion of the fluid phase with respect to the solid phase is given by a linear diffusive dissipation term. The subchondral bony substrate is represented by an elastic solid. The three-layer model of articular cartilage is chosen because of the known histological, ultrastructural, and biomechanical variations of the tissue properties. The calculated flow field shows that for material properties of normal healthy articular cartilage the tissue creates a naturally lubricated surface. The movement of the interstitial fluid at the surface is circulatory in manner, being exuded in front and near the leading half of the moving surface load and imbibed behind and near the trailing half of the moving load. The flow fields of healthy tissues are capable of sustaining a film of fluid at the articular surface whereas pathological tissues cannot.

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The effect of deactivated phospholipids on joints lubrication: Osteoarthritis and lubricating properties

Clinical Medical Reviews and Reports ◽

10.31579/2690-8794/085 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

pp. 01-03

Author(s):

Z. Pawlak

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Joint Inflammation ◽

Phospholipid Content ◽

Lubrication Mechanism ◽

Hydration Mechanism ◽

Synovial Joints ◽

Lamellar Phases ◽

Supportive Role ◽

Synovial Fluids ◽

Lubricating Properties

PLs bilayers coating the major synovial joints such as knees and hips as the lubricant are responsible for the lubrication of articular cartilage. Lamellar-repulsive effect has been considered as a lubrication mechanism but it is likely that lubricin and hyaluronan with PLs participate in the lubrication process. The molecules of lubricin and hyaluronan adsorbed by PLs have a supportive role and provide the efficient lubrication of synovial joints via the hydration mechanism (~ 80% water content). Lipid profiles of injured and healthy knees’ synovial fluids show significant differences. The phospholipid content in synovial fluid (SF) during joint inflammation, osteoarthritis is significantly higher (2 to 3 times) above the normal concentration of PL, and has a poor boundary-lubricating ability because of deactivated PL molecules. Deactivated PL molecule has no ability to form bilayers, lamellar phases, and liposomes.

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Formation of synovial joints and articular cartilage

Folia Morphologica ◽

10.5603/fm.2013.0031 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 72 (3) ◽

pp. 181-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

S. Moskalewski ◽

A. Hyc ◽

E. Jankowska-Steifer ◽

A. Osiecka-Iwan

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Synovial Joints

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Joints and connective tissue—structure and function

Oxford Textbook of Medicine ◽

10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0442 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 4379-4385

Author(s):

Thomas Pap ◽

Adelheid Korb-Pap ◽

Christine Hartmann ◽

Jessica Bertrand

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Physical Interaction ◽

Connective Tissues ◽

Inflammatory Joint Diseases ◽

Synovial Joints ◽

Key Features ◽

And Function ◽

Connective Tissue Structure

Synovial joints are complex functional elements of the vertebrate body that provide animals with motion capabilities and hence the ability for locomotion and direct physical interaction with their environment. They are composed of different connective tissues structures that are derived from the same developmental structures in the embryo but have distinct cellular and biochemical properties. Articular cartilage and synovial membrane are key components of synovial joints and show several peculiarities that makes them different from other tissues. An in-depth knowledge of these features is important not only for understanding key features of articular function, but also providing explanations for important characteristics of both degenerative and inflammatory joint diseases. This chapter reviews the structure, biochemical composition, and function of articular cartilage and synovium, and points to important links between physiology and pathologic conditions, particularly arthritis.

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An alternative model for contact interaction of mating bones with soft articular cartilage at synovial joints

Mechanism and Machine Theory ◽

10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2020.103858 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 150 ◽

pp. 103858

Author(s):

Arvind Kumar Pathak ◽

Anand Vaz

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Contact Interaction ◽

Alternative Model ◽

Synovial Joints

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Correlation between the surface area of synovial membrane and the surface area of articular cartilage in synovial joints of the mouse and human

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy ◽

10.1007/s00276-008-0399-1 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 30 (8) ◽

pp. 645-651 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Kylie M. Hewitt ◽

Mark D. Stringer

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Surface Area ◽

Synovial Membrane ◽

Synovial Joints

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6.7 Synovial Joints: Mechanobiology and Tissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage and Synovial Fluid ☆

Comprehensive Biomaterials II ◽

10.1016/b978-0-12-803581-8.09304-8 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 107-134

Author(s):

A.R. Raleigh ◽

W.J. McCarty ◽

A.C. Chen ◽

C. Meinert ◽

T.J. Klein ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Articular Cartilage ◽

Synovial Fluid ◽

Synovial Joints

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Study of Altered Mechanical Properties of Articular Cartilage in Relation to the Collagen Network

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.41-42.9 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 41-42 ◽

pp. 9-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J.P. Wu ◽

T.B. Kirk

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Biological Tissues ◽

Mechanical Function ◽

Collagen Network ◽

Dynamic Stresses ◽

Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope ◽

Synovial Joints ◽

3D Collagen ◽

The Relationship

Articular cartilage is a semitransparent elastic material that covers on the two articulating bones in synovial joints. It acts as a cushion between the bones that transfers loads from one to another while attenuating dynamic stresses and providing almost frictionless contact surfaces for normal use of synovial joints without pains. Osteoarthritis causes a chronic joint pain and it is mainly due to malfunction of articular cartilage. The mechanical function of articular cartilage is derived from its unique microstructure. Therefore, study of the relationship between the mechanical function and microstructure of articular cartilage comprehends the aetiology and pathology of osteoarthritis. Confocal microscopy permits studying the internal microstructure of buck biological tissues without tissue sectioning and dehydration. This provides a way to study the relationship between the mechanical function and microstructure of articular cartilage. Using a fibre optic laser scanning confocal microscope, this study examines the pathological status of articular cartilage in relation to the mechanical function and 3D collagen network of articular cartilage. The results show that the 3D collagen structure and the mechanical function are different between normal and arthritic cartilage. Loss of the integrity of the 3D collagen network is closely related to cartilage softening.

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