Measurement of beta particles of low energy and allied phenomena

The detection and monitoring systems of low energy beta particles are of important concern in nuclear facilities and decommissioning sites. Generally, low-energy beta-rays have been measured in systems such as liquid scintillation counters and gas proportional counters but time is required for pretreatment and sampling, and ultimately it is difficult to obtain a representation of the observables. The risk of external exposure for low energy beta-ray emitting radioisotopes has not been significantly considered due to the low transmittance of the isotopes, whereas radiation protection against internal exposure is necessary because it can cause radiation hazard to into the body through ingestion and inhalation. In this review, research to produce various types of detectors and to measure low-energy beta-rays by using or manufacturing plastic scintillators such as commercial plastic and optic fiber is discussed. Furthermore, the state-of-the-art beta particle detectors using plastic scintillators and other types of beta-ray counters were elucidated with regard to characteristics of low energy beta-ray emitting radioisotopes. Recent rapid advances in organic matter and nanotechnology have brought attention to scintillators combining plastics and nanomaterials for all types of radiation detection. Herein, we provide an in-depth review on low energy beta emitter measurement.

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Defect-induced betavoltaic enhancement in black titania nanotube arrays

Nanoscale ◽

10.1039/c8nr02824a ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (27) ◽

pp. 13028-13036 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Na Wang ◽

Yang Ma ◽

Jiang Chen ◽

Changsong Chen ◽

Haisheng San ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Conversion ◽

Conversion Efficiency ◽

Energy Conversion Efficiency ◽

High Energy ◽

Low Energy ◽

Nanotube Arrays ◽

Beta Particles ◽

Titania Nanotube Arrays ◽

Titania Nanotube ◽

Long Lifetime

Utilizing high-energy beta particles emitted from radioisotopes for long-lifetime betavoltaic cells is a great challenge due to their low energy conversion efficiency (ECE).

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Study Stopping Power Collision in one of Nuclear Element

Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science ◽

10.23851/mjs.v28i2.519 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 202

Author(s):

Sanar G. Hassan

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Medicine ◽

Nuclear Physics ◽

Physical Phenomenon ◽

Charged Particles ◽

Low Energy ◽

Stopping Power ◽

Beta Particles ◽

Low Energy Electrons ◽

The Relationship

The retarding force of the charged particles when interacts with matter causing loss of particle energy, this physical phenomenon in nuclear physics called stopping power. it has a lot of important applications such as in nuclear medicine and privation effects of radiations. The charge particles are alpha and beta particles. in this paper we studies the stopping power, collision and the stopping power of radioactivity of nuclear elements and to find the relationship between stopping power collision and stopping power of radioactivity, with arrange of CSDA range for the low energy electrons data of element F. the CSDA range he CSDA range it is an average distant length of the moving charge particles when it is path slows to stop. By using approximation of CSDA range we can calculate the rate of the loss in the energy at any point along the path of the travel by assuming these energies loss at points of the track are equal to whole stopping power loss. The CSDA range can be found by reciprocal integration of the total stopping power. from the Figures (3),(4),(5) and(6)we can get good results

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Measurement of beta particles of low energy and allied phenomena

Physica ◽

10.1016/s0031-8914(52)80193-4 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

pp. 1161-1170 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S.C. Curran

Keyword(s):

Low Energy ◽

Beta Particles

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Dissociated Σ=27 boundaries in silicon

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100105187 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 624-625

Author(s):

A. Garg ◽

W.A.T. Clark ◽

J.P. Hirth

Keyword(s):

Electron Diffraction ◽

Local Minimum ◽

Boundary Energy ◽

Coincidence Site Lattice ◽

Boundary Plane ◽

Low Energy ◽

Theoretical Understanding ◽

Site Lattice ◽

Kikuchi Pattern ◽

Analysis Techniques

In the last twenty years, a significant amount of work has been done in the theoretical understanding of grain boundaries. The various proposed grain boundary models suggest the existence of coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundaries at specific misorientations where a periodic structure representing a local minimum of energy exists between the two crystals. In general, the boundary energy depends not only upon the density of CSL sites but also upon the boundary plane, so that different facets of the same boundary have different energy. Here we describe TEM observations of the dissociation of a Σ=27 boundary in silicon in order to reduce its surface energy and attain a low energy configuration.The boundary was identified as near CSL Σ=27 {255} having a misorientation of (38.7±0.2)°/[011] by standard Kikuchi pattern, electron diffraction and trace analysis techniques. Although the boundary appeared planar, in the TEM it was found to be dissociated in some regions into a Σ=3 {111} and a Σ=9 {122} boundary, as shown in Fig. 1.

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Transfer optics for high spatial resolution electron spectroscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100105394 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 666-667

Author(s):

G. G. Hembree ◽

Luo Chuan Hong ◽

P.A. Bennett ◽

J.A. Venables

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽

Low Energy ◽

Objective Lens ◽

State University ◽

Arizona State University ◽

Initial Field ◽

Resolution Electron ◽

Scanning Transmission ◽

Low Energy Electrons

A new field emission scanning transmission electron microscope has been constructed for the NSF HREM facility at Arizona State University. The microscope is to be used for studies of surfaces, and incorporates several surface-related features, including provision for analysis of secondary and Auger electrons; these electrons are collected through the objective lens from either side of the sample, using the parallelizing action of the magnetic field. This collimates all the low energy electrons, which spiral in the high magnetic field. Given an initial field Bi∼1T, and a final (parallelizing) field Bf∼0.01T, all electrons emerge into a cone of semi-angle θf≤6°. The main practical problem in the way of using this well collimated beam of low energy (0-2keV) electrons is that it is travelling along the path of the (100keV) probing electron beam. To collect and analyze them, they must be deflected off the beam path with minimal effect on the probe position.

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