The liver of fishes as a target organ of toxic chemicals: a new look at unique structure and function in one of the ‘other’ vertebrates

2000 ◽  
Vol 50 (1-5) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.E. Hinton
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Target Organ ◽  
The Other ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Unique Structure ◽  
And Function ◽  
New Look

scholarly journals Estrogen-related Receptor β (ERRβ) – Renaissance Receptor or Receptor Renaissance?

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. nrs.14002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shailaja D. Divekar ◽  
Deanna M. Tiek ◽  
Aileen Fernandez ◽  
Rebecca B. Riggins
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Nuclear Receptor ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Orphan Nuclear Receptor ◽  
Nuclear Receptor Superfamily ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Estrogen Related Receptor

Estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) are founding members of the orphan nuclear receptor (ONR) subgroup of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Twenty-seven years of study have yet to identify cognate ligands for the ERRs, though they have firmly placed ERRα (ESRRA) and ERRγ (ESRRG) at the intersection of cellular metabolism and oncogenesis. The pace of discovery for novel functions of ERRβ (ESRRB), however, has until recently been somewhat slower than that of its family members. ERRβ has also been largely ignored in summaries and perspectives of the ONR literature. Here, we provide an overview of established and emerging knowledge of ERRβ in mouse, man, and other species, highlighting unique aspects of ERRβ biology that set it apart from the other two estrogen-related receptors, with a focus on the impact of alternative splicing on the structure and function of this receptor.

mirror, a Drosophila homeobox gene in the Iroquois complex, is required for sensory organ and alula formation

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (7) ◽  
pp. 1217-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.T. Kehl ◽  
K.O. Cho ◽  
K.W. Choi
Keyword(s):  
Protein Structure ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Genetic Map ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Homeobox Gene ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Region ◽  
Sensory Bristles ◽  
And Function

The Drosophila notum, the dorsal body wall of the thorax, is subdivided genetically into longitudinal domains (Calleja, M., Moreno, E., Pelaz, S. and Morata, G. (1996) Science 274, 252–255). Two homeobox genes clustered in the iroquois complex, araucan and caupolican, regulate proneural genes and are required for development of sensory bristles in the lateral notum (Gomez-Skarmeta, J. L., del Corral, R. D., de la Calle-Mustienes, E., Ferres-Marco, D. and Modolell, J. (1996) Cell 85, 95–105). An iroquois-related homeobox gene, mirror, was recently isolated and is localized close to the iroquois complex region (McNeil, H., Yang, C.-H., Brodsky, M., Ungos, J. and Simon, M. A. (1997) Genes and Development 11, 1073–1082; this study). We show that mirror is required for the formation of the alula and a subset of sensory bristles in the lateral domain of the notum. Genetic analysis suggests that mirror and the other iroquois genes interact to form the alula as well as the sensory organs. Based on similarities between mirror and the iroquois genes in their genetic map positions, expression, protein structure and function, mirror is considered a new member of the iroquois complex and is involved in prepatterning sensory precursor cells in the lateral notum.

The Molecular Mechanism of Photoinhibition — Facts and Fiction

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Critchley
Keyword(s):  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Proteolytic Degradation ◽  
Reaction Centre ◽  
Herbicide Binding ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
And Function

In this paper, the evidence supporting two different models for the molecular mechanism of photoinhibition is discussed. One hypothesis centres around the suggestion that photoinhibition is due to the loss of the herbicide-binding Dl polypeptide of photosystem II. The other model suggests that damage to a functional group in the reaction centre is the primary cause of photoinhibition. In order to put the apparent controversy into context, recent developments in our understanding of the structure and function of the photosystem II reaction centre are described. Interpretation and judgement of all available evidence suggest primary photoinhibitory damage to be incurred by the reaction-centre chlorophyll P680 destabilising the apoprotein(s) and eventually resulting in their proteolytic degradation and removal from the photosystem II complex and the thylakoid membrane.

Observations on the Structure and Function of Cephalic Skin Glands in Bandicoots (Marsupialia: Peramelidae).

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Stoddart
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Hair Shaft ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Courtship Behaviour ◽  
Guard Hair ◽  
Skin Glands ◽  
Skin Gland ◽  
And Function

Bandicoots (Marsupialia : Peramelidae) of the genera Isoodon, Perameles and Macrotis possess either subauricular or interauricular cephalic skin gland complexes. The pig-footed bandicoot Chaeropus is the only genus apparently lacking cephalic skin glands. Skin gland complexes consist of enlarged sebaceous acini and sudoriferous tubules. though the latter are less apparent in Macrotis than the other genera. The surface of the gland complex has a pockmarked appearance with a small depression surrounding each guard hair shaft. The complex increases in activity very markedly during the breeding season in both sexes. but particularly in males. The most noticeable aspect of the pre-breeding hypertrophy is an expansion of the sebaceous element, which presses the sudoriferous element down into the deeper layers of the dermis. It is suggested that the pungent odour secreted by these complexes plays a calming and reassuring role in the courtship behaviour of these solitary and pugnacious small marsupials.

Gender, Hisba and The Enforcement of Morality in Northern Nigeria

Africa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima L. Adamu
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Political Context ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Individual Rights ◽  
Moral Framework ◽  
Religious Establishment ◽  
And Function

Vigilantism is a term often used to describe any form of policing and ordering that is non-state, and under analysis ‘vigilantism’ has often emerged as negative, associated with violence and violation of individual rights. However, a closer examination of the origin, practice, function and structure of some of the groups often referred to as vigilantes in Nigeria has revealed that not all of them fit into our understanding of vigilantes as gangs of youths that mete out violence and jungle justice to their victims. Some of these vigilantes have their roots in the community and are a preferred form of policing in Nigeria. Many such groups exist across the shari‘a states of northern Nigeria, drawing their legitimacy from different and sometimes competing sources: the Yan'banga from the Hausa traditional and communal establishment, the hisba from the religious establishment and the Yan'achaba from the political establishment. What can we say about the operation, structure and function of these various `vigilantes'? How is the politicking and struggle between religio-political and Hausa traditionalist elites shaping and reforming these three forms? What impact does this struggle have on women and the vulnerable? This article has two aims. One is to question the over-generalization associated with vigilantism in Nigeria by analysing one form of vigilantism – hisba – within the context of informal policing in Zamfara and Kano states. The other is to situate the issue of vigilantes within the northern Nigerian political context rather than within a simple moral framework that casts vigilantes as violent criminals.

scholarly journals κ-Hefutoxin1, a Novel Toxin from the ScorpionHeterometrus fulvipes with Unique Structure and Function

2002 ◽  
Vol 277 (33) ◽  
pp. 30040-30047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kellathur N. Srinivasan ◽  
Vaithiyalingam Sivaraja ◽  
Isabelle Huys ◽  
Toru Sasaki ◽  
Betty Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Unique Structure ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Hypertensive Target Organ Damage and Longitudinal Changes in Brain Structure and Function

Hypertension ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1152-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieternella H. van der Veen ◽  
Mirjam I. Geerlings ◽  
Frank L.J. Visseren ◽  
Hendrik M. Nathoe ◽  
Willem P.T.M. Mali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Structure ◽  
Target Organ Damage ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Target Organ ◽  
Longitudinal Changes ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Universal rules of life: metabolic rates, biological times and the equal fitness paradigm

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Burger ◽  
Chen Hou ◽  
Charles Hall ◽  
James Brown
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Synthetic Theory ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Single Origin ◽  
The One ◽  
Patterns And Processes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Dynamics Of Populations

Here we review and extend the equal fitness paradigm (EFP) as an important step in developing and testing a synthetic theory of ecology and evolution based on energy and metabolism. The EFP states that all organisms are equally fit at steady state, because they allocate the same quantity of energy, ~22.4 kJ/g/generation to production of offspring. On the one hand, the EFP may seem tautological, because equal fitness is necessary for the origin and persistence of biodiversity. On the other hand, the EFP reflects universal laws of life: how biological metabolism – the uptake, transformation and allocation of energy – links ecological and evolutionary patterns and processes across levels of organization from: i) structure and function of individual organisms, ii) life history and dynamics of populations, iii) interactions and coevolution of species in ecosystems. The physics and biology of metabolism have facilitated the evolution of millions of species with idiosyncratic anatomy, physiology, behavior and ecology but also with many shared traits and tradeoffs that reflect the single origin and universal rules of life.

scholarly journals Basis of the general theory of pathology (Part 2. Pathogenesis of chronic diseases)

2018 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
V. S. Prokopchook ◽  
A.V. Lyckbäck
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Target Organ ◽  
Etiologic Factor ◽  
Pathogenetic Mechanism ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Etiological Factors ◽  
And Function ◽  
Optimal Construction

The authors believe that, despite of the endless variety of pathology, there is a single stereotyped pathogenetic mechanism for all chronic diseases. This mechanism doesn't dependent on a cause of an illness. If unnumbered etiological factors have a direct link to a damage of a certain number of cells (structures) of the target organ, then a disease, as a reaction to this damage, aims to restore the structure and function of the damaged organ. However a new pathogenetic mechanism arises in the course of a disease. This mechanism is based on energy deficiency. It arises due to violations of biorhythms of a remaining tissue. The violations of biorhythms in their turn are based on deviations from the law of «optimal construction». This mechanism destroys the remaining tissue that haven't been damaged by etiological factors. A "separation" of a disease from an etiologic factor occurs. A disease continues its course even without external damaging factors. Consequently a treatment of chronic diseases requires a fundamentally different approach than etiotropic therapy. Until now only an empirically obtained experience of non-specific treatment has been used. Therefore all existing therapy requires a fundamental revision.

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