Mobile Source Control Strategies in the Netherlands

This study’s objective was to study the photodegradation of TCNM (trichloronitromethane) in water under UV light. The effects of light intensity, nitrate ions, chloride ions, humic acid, and pH on the photochemical degradation of TCNM were investigated under the irradiation of low pressure mercury lamp (λ= 254 nm, 12 W). The photodegradation rate of TCNM was found to increase with increasing the concentration of nitrate ions, chloride ions, humic acid, pH, and light intensity. The photodegradation of TCNM was examined at pH 6.0 with initial concentrations (C0) of TCNM at 10.0–200.0 µg/L. The overall rate of degradation of TCNM was modeled using a pseudofirst-order rate law. Finally, the proposed mechanism involved in the photodegradation of TCNM was also discussed by analysis. Results of this study can contribute to the development of new source control strategies for minimization of TCNM risk at drinking water and wastewater utilities.

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NEMATODE CONTROL STRATEGIES IN THE NETHERLANDS

Acta Horticulturae ◽

10.17660/actahortic.2005.698.10 ◽

2005 ◽

pp. 83-88

Author(s):

L.P.G. Molendijk ◽

G.W. Korthals

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Nematode Control

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Water management in cities of the future using emission control strategies for priority hazardous substances

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2011.797 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 64 (10) ◽

pp. 2109-2118 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

E. Eriksson ◽

D. M. Revitt ◽

A. Ledin ◽

L. Lundy ◽

H. C. Holten Lützhøft ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Waters ◽

Environmental Fate ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Emission Control ◽

Surface Water Quality ◽

Hazardous Substances ◽

Source Control ◽

Best Available Technologies ◽

Full Implementation ◽

The Future

Cities of the future face challenges with respect to the quantity and quality of water resources, and multiple managerial options need to be considered in order to safeguard urban surface water quality. In a recently completed project on ‘Source control options for reducing emissions of Priority Pollutants’ (ScorePP), seven emission control strategies (ECSs) were developed and tested within a semi-hypothetical case city (SHCC) to evaluate their potential to reduce the emission of selected European priority hazardous substances (PHSs) to surface waters. The ECSs included (1) business-as-usual, (2) full implementation of relevant European (EU) directives, (3) ECS2 in combination with voluntary options for household, municipalities and industry, (4) ECS2 combined with industrial treatment and best available technologies (BAT), (5) ECS2 in combination with stormwater and combined sewer overflow treatment, (6) ECS2 in combination with advanced wastewater treatment, and (7) combinations of ECS3-6. The SHCC approach was chosen to facilitate transparency, to allow compensating for data gaps and to decrease the level of uncertainty in the results. The selected PHSs: cadmium (Cd), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), nonylphenol (NP) and pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE) differ in their uses and environmental fate and therefore accumulate in surface waters to differing extents in response to the application of alternative ECS. To achieve the required reduction in PHS levels in urban waters the full implementation of existing EU regulation is prioritised and feasible combinations of managerial and technological options (source control and treatment) can be highly relevant for mitigating releases.

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The Use of Water Quality Models in Management Decision Making

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1982.0145 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 14 (9-11) ◽

pp. 1095-1107 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Thomas O. Barnwell ◽

Peter A. Krenkel

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Source Control ◽

Management Decision ◽

Local Planning ◽

Quality Models ◽

Planning And Design ◽

Management Decision Making ◽

History Of ◽

Water Quality Models

The use of water quality models in three management contexts is described: screening, planning, and design. Screening models are illustrated by describing a methodology applicable to large areas of land and another applied to a large number of chemicals. The application of models in a planning context is illustrated by a local planning agency's use in developing nonpoint source control strategies and by the federal government's use in assessing potential exposure to a pesticide. Development of design criteria is illustrated by summarizing the long history of model use to develop effluent limits in the Holston River basin (Tennessee).

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HSPF-Based Assessment of Inland Nutrient Source Control Strategies to Reduce Algal Blooms in Streams in Response to Future Climate Changes

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132212413 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (22) ◽

pp. 12413

Author(s):

Dong Hoon Lee ◽

Pamela Sofia Fabian ◽

Jin Hwi Kim ◽

Joo-Hyon Kang

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Algal Blooms ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Source Control ◽

Change Scenario ◽

Climate Change Scenarios ◽

Source Reduction ◽

Chl A

The HSPF model was modified to improve the growth-temperature formulation of phytoplankton and used to simulate Chl-a concentrations at the outlet of the Seom River watershed in Korea from 2025 to 2050 under four climate change scenarios: RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, and RCP 8.5. The mean and median Chl-a concentrations increased by 5–10% and 23–29%, respectively, and the number of algal outbreak cases per year (defined as a day with Chl-a concentration ≥100 µg/L) decreased by 31–88% relative to the current values (2011–2015). Among the climate change scenarios, RCP 2.6 (stringent) showed the largest number of algal outbreak cases, mainly because of the largest yearly variability of precipitation and TP load. For each climate change scenario, three nutrient load reduction scenarios were in the HSPF simulation, and their efficiencies in reducing algal blooms were determined. Nonpoint source reduction in TP and TN from urban land, agricultural land, and grassland by 50% (S1) and controlling the effluent TP concentration of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to 0.1 mg/L (S2) decreased algal outbreaks by 20–58% and 44–100%, respectively. The combination of effluent TP control of WWTPs during summer and S1 was the most effective management scenario; it could almost completely prevent algal outbreaks. This study demonstrates the cost effectiveness of using a season-based pollutant management strategy for controlling algal blooms.

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Epidemiological and economic evaluation of foot-and-mouth disease control strategies in the Netherlands.

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.18174/njas.v37i1.16649 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

A.A. Dijkhuizen

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Markov Chain Model ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Chain Model ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Prophylactic Vaccination

A Markov chain model for a microcomputer is described in which the economic aspects of control strategies for foot-and-mouth disease in cattle and pig herds can be examined. Epidemiologically, the most favourable results for the Netherlands were obtained using the current strategy: annual vaccination of cattle combined with slaughtering of affected herds and ring vaccination. However, it is suggested that annual costs could be reduced considerably by ceasing routine prophylactic vaccination, provided that adequate measures are taken when outbreaks occur. It is concluded that the increased risk of export bans, not yet included in this simulation model, is unlikely to outweigh the benefits of reducing annual direct costs. All pathways and control strategy, cost elements and default values included in the model are tabulated as are the probable epidemiology during an outbreak, secondary outbreaks, total direct economic losses per outbreak and per year, and a results sensitivity analysis. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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The Microthrix parvicella Puzzle

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1994.0350 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (7) ◽

pp. 271-279 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Dick H. Eikelboom

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Activated Sludge ◽

Population Size ◽

Nutrient Removal ◽

Ecological Niche ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Maximum Size ◽

Activated Sludge Process ◽

Filamentous Bacteria ◽

Microthrix Parvicella

Nowadays the excessive growth of many filamentous bacteria in activated sludge plants can be controlled by the application of so-called selectors. In the Netherlands, about 80 selectors have been constructed at full scale plants so far. However, selectors are frequently not very effective for controlling bulking if M. parvicella is dominating the sludge population. As M. parvicella has also been frequently observed in nutrient removal plants, the development of control strategies for this bacterium has become very urgent. From the substantial information on the occurrence of and attempts to control M. parvicella collected during the last decade, several main conclusions can be drawn.The development of M. parvicella in Dutch treatment plants shows a very distinctive seasonal rhythm, the population reaching its maximum size in early spring.Foaming in Dutch treatment plants is usually caused by M. parvicella.M. parvicella and Actinomycetes spp. seem to compete for the same ecological niche in treatment plants.By comparing the population size of M. parvicella as a function of various modifications in the activated sludge process, it is concluded that this bacterium grows better in so-called carrousel systems than in other extended aeration plants.M. parvicella causes severe bulking in carrousels fed with presettled sewage.The impact/usefulness of selectors for controlling M. parvicella seems to decrease as the overall sludge load of the plant increases. This information is presented to start a discussion about possibilities to solve the M. parvicella puzzle.

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