Mapping of neural and signal transduction pathways for lordosis in the search for estrogen actions on the central nervous system

1998 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee-Ming Kow ◽  
Donald W Pfaff
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathways ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Odor Perception

2012 ◽  
pp. 44-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuo Tonoike
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Olfactory Acuity ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
Olfactory Systems ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Though olfaction is one of the necessary senses and indispensable for the maintenance of the life of the animal, the mechanism of olfaction had not yet been understood well compared with other sensory systems such as vision and audition. However, recently, the most basic principle of “signal transduction on the reception and transmission for the odor” has been clarified. Therefore, the important next problem is how the information of odors about is processed in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and how odor is perceived in the human brain. In this chapter, the basic olfactory systems in animal and human are described and examples such as “olfactory acuity, threshold, adaptation, and olfactory disorders” are discussed. The mechanism of olfactory information processing is described under the results obtained by using a few new non-invasive measuring methods. In addition, from a few recent studies, it is shown that olfactory neurophysiological information is passing through some deep central regions of the brain before finally being processed in the orbito-frontal areas.

scholarly journals Interactions and Signal Transduction Pathways Involved during Central Nervous System Entry by Neisseria meningitidis across the Blood–Brain Barriers

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8788
Author(s):  
Julia Borkowski ◽  
Horst Schroten ◽  
Christian Schwerk
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neisseria Meningitidis ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathways ◽  
Blood Brain

The Gram-negative diplococcus Neisseria meningitidis, also called meningococcus, exclusively infects humans and can cause meningitis, a severe disease that can lead to the death of the afflicted individuals. To cause meningitis, the bacteria have to enter the central nervous system (CNS) by crossing one of the barriers protecting the CNS from entry by pathogens. These barriers are represented by the blood–brain barrier separating the blood from the brain parenchyma and the blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barriers at the choroid plexus and the meninges. During the course of meningococcal disease resulting in meningitis, the bacteria undergo several interactions with host cells, including the pharyngeal epithelium and the cells constituting the barriers between the blood and the CSF. These interactions are required to initiate signal transduction pathways that are involved during the crossing of the meningococci into the blood stream and CNS entry, as well as in the host cell response to infection. In this review we summarize the interactions and pathways involved in these processes, whose understanding could help to better understand the pathogenesis of meningococcal meningitis.

scholarly journals The diverse cellular responses of the choroid plexus during infection of the central nervous system

2018 ◽  
Vol 314 (2) ◽  
pp. C152-C165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexa N. Lauer ◽  
Tobias Tenenbaum ◽  
Horst Schroten ◽  
Christian Schwerk
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Inflammatory Cell ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathways ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The choroid plexus (CP) is responsible for the production of a large amount of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). As a highly vascularized structure, the CP also presents a significant frontier between the blood and the central nervous system (CNS). To seal this border, the epithelium of the CP forms the blood-CSF barrier, one of the most important barriers separating the CNS from the blood. During the course of infectious disease, cells of the CP can experience interactions with intruding pathogens, especially when the CP is used as gateway for entry into the CNS. In return, the CP answers to these encounters with diverse measures. Here, we will review the distinct responses of the CP during infection of the CNS, which include engaging of signal transduction pathways, the regulation of gene expression in the host cells, inflammatory cell response, alterations of the barrier, and, under certain circumstances, cell death. Many of these actions may contribute to stage an immunological response against the pathogen and subsequently help in the clearance of the infection.

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