Satellite communications and the Internet: implications for the outer space treaty

Space Policy ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Larry F. Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Outer Space ◽  
Satellite Communications ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Outer Space Treaty

scholarly journals Could an optional protocol be the way to stop the weaponization of outer space?

2021 ◽  
pp. 002070202110205
Author(s):  
Paul Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Great Power ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
United Nations General ◽  
Optional Protocol ◽  
Outer Space Treaty ◽  
United Nations General Assembly

Since the early 1980s, the United Nations General Assembly and its affiliated forum, the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, has had the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space issue on its agenda. In the intervening years, the threat of weapons being introduced into the outer space realm has waxed and waned, but, in the main, a benign environment free from man-made threats has prevailed, allowing for great strides in the exploration and use of space. Recently, a renewal of great power rivalry including the development of offensive ‘counter-space’ capabilities has resurrected the spectre of armed conflict in space. With widespread political support for the non-weaponization of outer space, has the time come to give legal expression to this goal by means of an optional protocol to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty?

Could future COP talks help to de-junk near-earth space?

Soundings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (78) ◽  
pp. 81-85
Author(s):  
Susmita Mohanty
Keyword(s):  
Space Debris ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Earth Space ◽  
Near Earth Space ◽  
Earth Environment ◽  
Outer Space Treaty ◽  
Earth Observation Data ◽  
Earth’S Climate

Space debris has reached alarming proportions and is growing at a frightening pace, because of the expanding number of satellites circulating in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), designed to increase global Internet coverage and provide earth observation data. LEO satellites are now being launched in mega-constellations, including by Elon Musk's company SpaceX. It is time to completely overhaul the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, which was not designed to deal with current problems. The COP forum should therefore include the near-earth environment within its concept of the earth's climate, enabling the UN to acknowledge, as a collective, the growing menace of human-made debris in near-earth space, and, in partnership with the UN-Outer Space Affairs Office (UN-OOSA), call for a new declaration on LEO.

Legal Enforceability of International Space Laws: An Appraisal of 1967 Outer Space Treaty

New Space ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feyisola Ruth Ishola ◽  
Oluwabusola Fadipe ◽  
Olaoluwa Colin Taiwo
Keyword(s):  
Outer Space ◽  
International Space ◽  
Outer Space Treaty

scholarly journals TANGGUNG JAWAB NEGARA ATAS DIGUNAKANNYA SENJATA SPACE-BASED MISSILE INTERCEPTOR SEBAGAI BENTUK UPAYA SELF-DEFENSE DARI NEGARA PENYERANG TERHADAP NEGARA PIHAK KETIGA DITINJAU DARI HUKUM INTERNASIONAL

2022 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-126
Author(s):  
Virajati Adhazar ◽  
Suhaidi Suhaidi ◽  
Sutiarnoto Sutiarnoto ◽  
Jelly Leviza
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
State Accountability ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Compensation Process ◽  
Outer Space Treaty

Self-defense as an inherent right owned by a country is regulated in Article 51 of the UN Charter and due to the use of Space-Based Missile Interceptor (SBMI) weapons in space, the 1967 outer space treaty must also be guided. Because Article 4 of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty prohibits the use of weapons in space, the legality of using SBMI weapons is questionable. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the legal provisions, forms of state accountability and the process of prosecuting compensation for countries using these weapons according to international law. The results of the study indicate that the use of SBMI weapons does not conflict with international law, because it is based on Article 103 of the UN Charter which states that if there are provisions in other legal rules that are contrary to the UN Charter, the UN Charter must be guided. So that self-defense actions based on Article 51 of the UN Charter do not violate the law. The party that must be absolutely responsible is the country that started the conflict, because it has violated the rules of international law in Article 2 paragraph (4) of the UN Charter and international humanitarian law. The compensation process is carried out according to the rules of the space liability convention 1972 and if in practice the party who is responsible does not show good faith in providing compensation, then it can be continued by referring to the dispute resolution process in the UN Charter.

scholarly journals Igneous Rock Associations 24. Near-Earth Asteroid Resources: A Review

2019 ◽  
pp. 85-100
Author(s):  
Liam Robert John Innis ◽  
Gordon R. Osinski
Keyword(s):  
Outer Space ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
Platinum Group Elements ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Resource Concentration ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Outer Space Treaty ◽  
Platinum Group ◽  
Key Resources ◽  
Near Earth Asteroids

The extraction of natural resources located beyond Earth to create products can be described as space resource utilization (SRU). SRU is under active investigation in both the public and private sectors. Near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) are particularly promising early SRU targets due to their relative proximity and enrichments in two key resources: water and platinum group elements (PGEs). Water can be used to create rocket propellant, making it the only resource with significant demand given the current nascent state of the space market. Platinum group elements are valuable enough that their import to the Earth market is potentially economical, making them the other prospective resource in the current embryonic state of SRU. While it is possible to retrieve material from a NEA, doing so on an economical scale will require significant developments in areas such as autonomous robotics and propulsion technology. A parameterization accounting for asteroid size, resource concentration, and accessibility yields just seven and three potentially viable NEA targets in the known population for water and PGEs, respectively. A greater emphasis on spectral observation of asteroids is required to better inform target selection for early prospecting spacecraft. A further complication is the lack of a legal precedent for the sale of extraterrestrial resources. The Outer Space Treaty prohibits the appropriation of celestial bodies but makes no explicit reference to their resources while the U.S.A. and Luxembourg have passed legislation entitling their citizens to own and sell space resources. Whether these laws are a matter of clarification or contradiction is the matter of some debate. RÉSUMÉL'extraction de ressources naturelles situées au-delà de la Terre pour créer des produits peut être décrite comme une utilisation des ressources spatiales (URS). L’URS est actuellement examinée à la fois dans les secteurs public et privé. Les astéroïdes proches de la Terre (NEA) sont des cibles URS particulièrement prometteuses en raison de leur proximité relative et de leur enrichissement en deux ressources clés : l’eau et les éléments du groupe du platine (EGP). L'eau peut être utilisée pour créer des agents de propulsion pour vaisseaux spatiaux, ce qui en fait la seule ressource pour laquelle la demande est importante compte tenu de l’émergence du marché spatial actuel. Les EGP sont suffisamment précieux pour que leur importation sur le marché terrestre soit potentiellement économique, ce qui en fait l’autre ressource potentielle étant donné l’état embryonnaire actuel de l’URS. Bien qu'il soit possible de récupérer des matériaux sur un NEA, le faire à une échelle économique nécessitera des développements importants dans des domaines tels que la robotique autonome et la technologie de propulsion. Un paramétrage tenant compte de la taille des astéroïdes, de la concentration des ressources et de l'accessibilité conduit à seulement sept et trois cibles NEA parmi la population connue, potentiellement exploitables pour l'eau et les EGP, respectivement. Il est nécessaire de mettre davantage l'accent sur l'observation spectrale des astéroïdes afin de mieux documenter la sélection des cibles pour les premiers vaisseaux prospecteurs. L'absence de précédent juridique pour la vente de ressources extraterrestres est une complication supplémentaire. Le Traité sur l’espace interdit l’appropriation des corps célestes mais ne fait aucune référence explicite à leurs ressources, tandis que les États-Unis et le Luxembourg ont adopté une législation autorisant leurs citoyens à posséder et à vendre des ressources spatiales. Que ces lois fassent l’objet de clarification ou de contradiction est sujet à débat.

The impact of the information factor on modern international relations

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (01) ◽  
pp. 141-146
Author(s):  
Gulnaz Tahir Hasanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Information Warfare ◽  
Fake News ◽  
False Information ◽  
Fifth Dimension ◽  
Private Actors ◽  
The Impact

This study aims to highlight the growing strategic importance that cyberspace is gaining in the dynamics of international politics. After land, sea, air, and outer space, cyberspace is the fifth dimension of conflict. The type of non-military weapons used to fight, as well as the subjects targeted, make civilian systems new centers of gravity to defend against an enemy that most often "operates in the shadows." The international scenario rmation revolution (which contributed to the "democratization of information"), is radically evolving from a unipolar (American-led) to an almost multipolar architecture. The Internet today is an indispensable communication and information network for various legal and illegal subjects of international relations. Social networks (Facebook, Twitter, Telegram) play a very important role in this process. The Internet can also allow manipulation or even destabilization of the international community with the spread of false information (fake news). It is also a field for intelligence activities. Finally, the Internet is becoming the field of a new form of confrontation. Thus, both states and private actors protect themselves from possible cyber attacks by developing cybersecurity. In anticipation of this, states are developing cyberspace strategies and military-digital capabilities. Key words: international relations, information, cyberspace, cybersecurity, territorial integrity, state, subjects of international relations, information warfare

The outer space treaty

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-136
Author(s):  
Albert K. Lai
Keyword(s):  
Outer Space ◽  
Outer Space Treaty

Superpower Restraints, Planetary Security, and Earth Identity

Dark Skies ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 225-260
Author(s):  
Daniel Deudney
Keyword(s):  
Information Science ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Arms Control ◽  
World Government ◽  
Territorial State ◽  
Great Debate ◽  
Asteroid Deflection ◽  
Outer Space Treaty ◽  
Orbital Space ◽  
Whole Earth

A third, often-overlooked, space agenda, the Clarke-Sagan and Whole Earth Security programs, aims to close the gap between the territorial state system and technologies and spaces of planetary scope without world government. It extends into space environmentalist, arms control, and globalist approaches. Its ladder includes superpower arms control, space cooperation and satellites for information, science, and Earth habitability. It supports strengthening the Outer Space Treaty, currently under assault. It fears space debris degrading orbital space. It anticipates viewing Earth from space will help support terrapolitan Whole Earth political identities, supplanting parochial nationalities. Its advocates debate asteroid deflection dilemmas, some fearing intentional bombardment, others proposing international planetary defense consortia. How can the great debate between the Clarke-Sagan and von Braun programs be resolved? Clarke and Sagan, uniquely among prominent space expansionists, prioritized nuclear arms control but also embraced Tsiolkovskian visions, posing the question: Are their criticisms of the von Braun military programs applicable to solar space expansion?

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document