Kerentanan Anak Indonesia terhadap Kekerasan Seksual Online Era Covid-19: Sebuah Perspektif Hukum

Sejak terjadinya pandemi COVID-19, kekerasan seksual online anak di Indonesia meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya paparan terhadap internet dan teknologi digital, sehingga berakibat buruk bagi berkembangan anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh COVID-19 terhadap kekerasan seksual anak serta pengaturan dan perlindungan hukum atas kekerasan seksual online anak. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian yuridis normatif dan menggunakan data sekunder. Analisis data menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan menganalisis dokumen dari data sekunder, sehingga bersifat deskriptif-analitis yang menggambarkan suatu gejala sosial. Penelitian ini menghasilkan dua kesimpulan. Pertama, COVID-19 berpengaruh terhadap kenaikan tingkat kekerasan seksual online terhadap anak dikarenakan tingginya paparan internet dan teknologi digital terhadap anak. Kedua, pemerintah telah meratifikasi Convention on the Rights of the Child dan optional protocol terkait serta Undang-Undang Perlindungan Anak. Hal yang perlu dikritisi antara lain peningkatan pengawasan orang tua atas aktivitas berinternet anak dan penegakkan hukum dalam Undang-Undang Perlindungan Anak. === Ever since COVID-19 hit, the rate of online sexual violence against child in Indonesia has risen tremendously along with the increasing exposure to the internet and digital technology, hence would adversely affect child development. This research aims to find the impacts of COVID-19 towards online sexual violence against child as well as regulations and legal protections of online sexual violence against child. This research is normative juridical research. This research uses secondary data. The data analysis used in this research is qualitative method by analyzing collected secondary data, therefore this research is descriptive-analytical which explains a social phenomenon. There are two conclusions in this research. First, COVID-19 impacts the rising rate of online sexual violence against child due to the high exposure of internet and digital technology usage. Second, government has ratified Convention on the Rights of the Child and its related optional protocol and Child Protection Law. There are criticized matters regarding this research, inter alia strengthening parents’ surveillance on child’s internet activities and the law enforcement on Child Protection Law.

The repercussion of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Brazilian courts

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) was the first treaty to be incorporated as a Constitutional law, according to the determination of the Brazilian Constitution for human rights treaties. In addition, the Optional Protocol was also promulgated, recognizing the competence of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to supervise the application of the treaty in Brazil. This study aims to analyze the impact of the Committee and Convention in Brazilian courts, specifically in the courts that have jurisdiction to rule on cases based on treaties, that is, the Federal Justice. An extensive survey of judicial decisions was carried out in order to verify whether the protections of the treaty are applied. This research focus on the efforts to ensure the rights of persons with disabilities on the Brazilian legal system, based on the commitment to international cooperation to guarantee and promote the rights and principles announced in the CRPD, particularly regarding the social model of disability, which is the main protective concept used in the treaty.

Effects of the Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the causes of child death: a statistical study on a global scale

The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure (OPCP) make commitments and guarantees in relation to child health. The aim of the study is to verify the effects of these commitments on the causes of child death. To analyze these effects, we apply the one-way analysis of variance. For each group, we calculated the averages of child deaths in their respective countries for the years 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017. The p-value resulting indicated whether there was a difference between the means of child deaths in those years that were compared. We also observed the time series for each cause of death over the years 2000 to 2017. The CRC has an expressive adhesion. OPCP has a smaller number of acceptors in all regions compared to CRC. The acceptance of OPCP did not significantly alter the results of the number of deaths in the accepting countries in any of the 13 causes of child death observed. In the non- accepting group, significant differences were found concerning five causes of child death: HIV/AIDS, diarrhoeal diseases, measles, meningitis/encephalitis, and acute lower respiratory infections (p-values 0.01, 0.01, 0.003, 0.002, and 0.003, respectively). Our results suggest that the group of countries that have accepted the OPCP are more committed to issues of child deaths causes studied. In all of them the annual death numbers were considerably lower in this group.

Withdrawal from Long-Term Use of Unusually High-Dose Oxazepam

Benzodiazepine (BZD) misuse is a worldwide problem that healthcare professionals encounter in daily practice. High-dose BZD withdrawal is usually a long process that may require referral to an inpatient rehabilitation unit. Relapses after withdrawal are common. BZD withdrawal can cause complications including seizures, suicidal behavior, anxiety, and depression. Guidelines describe tapering protocols for modest doses; however, protocols for exceptionally high-dose BZD withdrawal are not well described. Herein, we describe a BZD tapering protocol for a patient with daily use of high-dose (1800 mg) oxazepam (OXP). The BZD tapering was administered in an inpatient psychiatric hospital, and the outcome was evaluated monthly after discharge for three months. This report describes a unique case of high-dose OXP withdrawal and also outlines an optional protocol to apply when clinicians encounter these unusual cases.

Do We Need an International Instrument for the Recognition of the Right to a Healthy Environment?

Environmental degradation is continuing globally despite various international environmental treaties. If the right to a healthy environment is recognised by a global instrument, this international recognition of this right could enhance the implementation and enforcement of various multilateral environmental agreements. Moreover, the international recognition of this right to a healthy environment could create a level playing field at the international level to ensure better balancing of competing interests. Furthermore, an international instrument for the recognition of this right is necessary to address many environmental challenges including climate change, the loss of biodiversity, marine pollution, long-range air pollution and plastic pollution which have global or trans-boundary dimensions. A second optional protocol to the ICESCR as an international instrument for the recognition of the right to a healthy environment could be adopted. It would be the best option for the adoption of an international instrument to recognise the right to a healthy environment.

Transnational by Default: Online Child Sexual Abuse Respects No Borders

Combatting child sexual abuse on the internet requires a high level of harmonisation of both substantive and procedural laws, as online child sexual abuse is transnational by default: while the transnational nature of child sexual abuse material used to be the exception before the advent of the internet, it is now the rule. In order to prosecute and investigate online child sexual abuse across country borders, states rely heavily on extraterritorial jurisdiction clauses as well as informal and formal law enforcement collaboration channels. This paper analyses existing channels in the opsc, Budapest Convention and Lanzarote Convention, particularly against the background of the recently published crc Committee Guidelines regarding the implementation of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography (crc/c/156), and provides for concrete guidance on how to ensure that the best interests of the child in the prosecution and investigation of transnational crimes such as online child sexual abuse is the primary consideration.

Views adopted by the Committee under article 5(4) of the Optional Protocol, concerning A.S., D.I., O.I., and G.D. V. Italy, Communication No. 3042/2017 (U.N. Hum. Rts. COMM.)

On January 27, 2021, the United Nations Human Rights Committee (HRC or Committee) published two separate decisions in response to communications brought against Malta and Italy. Both decisions concerned the same incident, which occurred on October 11, 2013, where over 200 migrants drowned in a shipwreck in the Mediterranean. The first complaint brought against Malta was dismissed by the Committee on procedural grounds. In the second case, A.S., D.I., O.I. and G.D. v. Italy, the HRC found that Italy had failed to protect the right to life of the migrants under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). This introductory note discusses the significance of the Committee's findings in this decision and its ramifications with respect to the protection of human rights at sea.

Aspek Hukum Internasional Dalam Pemanfaatan Deepfake Technology Terhadap Perlindungan Data Pribadi

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimanakah aspek-aspek hukum internasional dalam pemanfaatan Deepfake Technology terhadap perlindungan data pribadi dan dampaknya terhadap hukum nasional Indonesia berdasarkan dengan Prinsip Hukum Social Engineering yaitu hukum diciptakan sebagai sedemikian rupa untuk mengarahkan perubahan ke arah yang lebih baik dan Social Controlling merupakan proses yang direncanakan untuk memaksa seseorang untuk mentaati kebiasaan, norma dan nilai hidup di masyarakat agar tidak terjadinya perilaku menyimpang dalam pemanfaatan teknologi Deepfake serta cara menyelaraskan aturan hukum internasional dengan prinsip Planning, Organizing, Actuating dan Controlling. Tipe penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Sumber data yang digunakan terdiri dari: a) bahan hukum primer, yaitu Convention 108+, Convention for the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Proccessing of Personal Data; Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union (with annexes and optional protocol). Concluded at Geneva on 22 December 1992; Undang-Undang Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 Tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik; b) Adapun bahan hukum sekunder yang digunakan berupa buku, artikel, jurnal penelitian, laporan penelitian, berbagai karya tulis ilmiah dan sebagainya yang dapat menunjang bahan hukum primer; c) Adapun bahan hukum tersier yang digunakan berupa kamus, wawancara, surat kabar, internet, dan sebagainya yang dapat menunjang bahan hukum primer dan sekunder.

Could an optional protocol be the way to stop the weaponization of outer space?

Since the early 1980s, the United Nations General Assembly and its affiliated forum, the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, has had the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space issue on its agenda. In the intervening years, the threat of weapons being introduced into the outer space realm has waxed and waned, but, in the main, a benign environment free from man-made threats has prevailed, allowing for great strides in the exploration and use of space. Recently, a renewal of great power rivalry including the development of offensive ‘counter-space’ capabilities has resurrected the spectre of armed conflict in space. With widespread political support for the non-weaponization of outer space, has the time come to give legal expression to this goal by means of an optional protocol to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty?