Exocytotic release from neuronal cell bodies, dendrites and nerve terminals in sympathetic ganglia of the rat, and its differential regulation

Neuroscience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 861-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z.F Zaidi ◽  
M.R Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Sympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Differential Regulation ◽  
Nerve Terminals ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies

scholarly journals The schizophrenia susceptibility factor dysbindin and its associated complex sort cargoes from cell bodies to the synapse

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (24) ◽  
pp. 4854-4867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Larimore ◽  
Karine Tornieri ◽  
Pearl V. Ryder ◽  
Avanti Gokhale ◽  
Stephanie A. Zlatic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Protein ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Cells ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Adaptor Protein ◽  
Nerve Terminals ◽  
Endosome Trafficking ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
Cultured Cortical Neurons ◽  
Lysosome Related Organelles

Dysbindin assembles into the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 (BLOC-1), which interacts with the adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3), mediating a common endosome-trafficking route. Deficiencies in AP-3 and BLOC-1 affect synaptic vesicle composition. However, whether AP-3-BLOC-1–dependent sorting events that control synapse membrane protein content take place in cell bodies upstream of nerve terminals remains unknown. We tested this hypothesis by analyzing the targeting of phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase type II α (PI4KIIα), a membrane protein present in presynaptic and postsynaptic compartments. PI4KIIα copurified with BLOC-1 and AP-3 in neuronal cells. These interactions translated into a decreased PI4KIIα content in the dentate gyrus of dysbindin-null BLOC-1 deficiency and AP-3–null mice. Reduction of PI4KIIα in the dentate reflects a failure to traffic from the cell body. PI4KIIα was targeted to processes in wild-type primary cultured cortical neurons and PC12 cells but failed to reach neurites in cells lacking either AP-3 or BLOC-1. Similarly, disruption of an AP-3–sorting motif in PI4KIIα impaired its sorting into processes of PC12 and primary cultured cortical neuronal cells. Our findings indicate a novel vesicle transport mechanism requiring BLOC-1 and AP-3 complexes for cargo sorting from neuronal cell bodies to neurites and nerve terminals.

scholarly journals Satellite glia are essential modulators of sympathetic neuron survival, activity, and autonomic function

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelia Mapps ◽  
Erica Boehm ◽  
Corinne Beier ◽  
William Thomas Keenan ◽  
Jennifer Langel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sympathetic Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Sympathetic Neuron ◽  
Sympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
Intimate Association ◽  
Elevated Activity ◽  
Inward Rectifying Potassium Channel ◽  
Specific Deletion ◽  
Satellite Glia

Satellite glia are the major glial cells in sympathetic ganglia, enveloping neuronal cell bodies. Despite this intimate association, how satellite glia contribute to sympathetic functions remain unclear. Here, we show that satellite glia are critical for metabolism, survival, and activity of sympathetic neurons and modulate autonomic behaviors in mice. Adult ablation of satellite glia results in impaired mTOR signaling, soma atrophy, reduced noradrenergic enzymes, and loss of sympathetic neurons. However, persisting neurons have elevated activity, and satellite glia-ablated mice show increased pupil dilation and heart rate, indicative of enhanced sympathetic tone. Satellite glia-specific deletion of Kir4.1, an inward-rectifying potassium channel, largely recapitulates the cellular defects observed in glia-ablated mice, suggesting that satellite glia act in part via extracellular K+ buffering. These findings highlight neuron-satellite glia as functional units in regulating sympathetic output, with implications for disorders linked to sympathetic hyper-activity such as cardiovascular disease and hypertension.

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF NEUROSECRETORY CELLS IN THE SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS OF THE DOG AND RAT

1965 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. SLOPER ◽  
RACHEL G. BATESON
Keyword(s):  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Supraoptic Nucleus ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Basement Membranes ◽  
Neuronal Cell Body ◽  
Nerve Terminals ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Dense Membrane ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies

SUMMARY The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial systems of the dog and rat have been investigated with the electron microscope. The best preparations were obtained from anaesthetized animals cooled to about 7°. Neuronal cell bodies in the supraoptic nuclei of the dog were characterized both by their size, by their occasional proximity to the capillary basement membranes, and by their content of electron-dense, membrane-bound inclusions measuring between 750 and 3000 å in diameter. Similar inclusions, measuring between 800 and 2400 å in diameter, characterized nerve terminals in the infundibular process. These inclusions are the same size as those found to be associated with high antidiuretic activity in samples taken from the posterior pituitary and from the hypothalamus of the dog, and could therefore be the vehicles of antidiuretic hormone. It has been calculated that in the dog these inclusions, if they contain antidiuretic hormone, are numerous enough in the neuronal cell body for the latter to constitute the only site of hormone synthesis. Similar secretory neurones were found in the supraoptic nucleus of the rat. They were more difficult to identify than in the dog, for they contained fewer inclusions of the size which filled nerve terminals in the infundibular process.

The Red Neuronal Pigment in the Nervous System of the Mussel, Mytilus Edulis: Localization and Its Effect on Lateral Ciliary Activity with Spectral and Analytical Changes

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 494-495
Author(s):  
Anthony A. Paparo ◽  
Judith A. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Intracellular Organelles ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cryostat Sections

The purpose of this study was to localize the red neuronal pigment in Mytilus edulis and examine its role in the control of lateral ciliary activity in the gill. The visceral ganglia (Vg) in the central nervous system show an over al red pigmentation. Most red pigments examined in squash preps and cryostat sec tions were localized in the neuronal cell bodies and proximal axon regions. Unstained cryostat sections showed highly localized patches of this pigment scattered throughout the cells in the form of dense granular masses about 5-7 um in diameter, with the individual granules ranging from 0.6-1.3 um in diame ter. Tissue stained with Gomori's method for Fe showed bright blue granular masses of about the same size and structure as previously seen in unstained cryostat sections.Thick section microanalysis (Fig.l) confirmed both the localization and presence of Fe in the nerve cell. These nerve cells of the Vg share with other pigmented photosensitive cells the common cytostructural feature of localization of absorbing molecules in intracellular organelles where they are tightly ordered in fine substructures.

Immunohistochemical Study of Intralaryngeal Ganglia in the Cat

1992 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuniyoshi Tsuda ◽  
Takemoto Shin ◽  
Sadahiko Masuko
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Exocrine Secretion ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Dense Distribution ◽  
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves ◽  
Immunohistochemical Techniques ◽  
Almost All

To study the mechanism of autonomic regulation in the larynx, intralaryngeal local ganglia of the cat were investigated using immunohistochemical techniques. Small intralaryngeal ganglia were found in the peripheral portions of internal branches of the superior laryngeal nerve. Ninety-one percent of the ganglionic neurons were immunoreactive (IR) to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and 10% of the VIP-IR cells were also immunoreactive to enkephalin (ENK) and/or substance P (SP). The immunoreactivity of neuronal cell bodies remained unchanged even after denervation of the bilateral superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves. A dense distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-IR nerve fibers was found around almost all neuronal cells in the intralaryngeal. ganglia. A few VIP-IR, ENK-IR, and SP-IR nerve fibers were also observed. Only the CGRP-IR fibers disappeared after the denervation experiments. in the laryngeal glands and mucosal arterioles, VIP-IR nerve terminals were found that were also immunoreactive to ENK and/or SP. However, these Immunoreactive nerve endings in the glands and arterioles remained after the denervation experiments. The results of our study indicate that laryngeal exocrine secretion and blood flow are regulated by postganglionic autonomic parasympathetic fibers from intralaryngeal ganglia that contain VIP alone or VIP with ENK and/or SP, and that these ganglionic neurons may be innervated by CGRP-IR extrinsic nerve fibers.

Excitatory amino acid receptors in commissural nucleus of the NTS mediate carotid chemoreceptor responses

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (1) ◽  
pp. R41-R50 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vardhan ◽  
A. Kachroo ◽  
H. N. Sapru
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Carotid Body ◽  
Excitatory Amino Acid ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Excitatory Amino Acid Receptors ◽  
Amino Acid Receptors ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
Carotid Body Chemoreceptors ◽  
Stimulation Of

Stimulation of carotid body chemoreceptors by saline saturated with 100% CO2 elicited an increase in mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute ventilation (VE). Microinjections of L-glutamate into a midline area 0.5-0.75 mm caudal and 0.3-0.5 mm deep with respect to the calamus scriptorius increased VE. Histological examination showed that the site was located in the commissural nucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). The presence of excitatory amino acid receptors [N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA); kainate, quisqualate/alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) and trans 1-amino-cyclopentane-trans-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (ACPD)] in this area was demonstrated by microinjections of appropriate agonists. Simultaneous blockade of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors by combined injections of DL-2-aminophosphonoheptanoate (AP-7; 1 nmol) and 6,7-dinitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX; 1 nmol) abolished the responses to stimulation of carotid body on either side. Combined injections of AP-7 and DNQX did not produce a nonspecific depression of neurons because the responses to another agonist, carbachol, remained unaltered. Inhibition of the neurons in the aforementioned area with microinjections of muscimol (which hyperpolarizes neuronal cell bodies but not fibers of passage) also abolished the responses to subsequent carotid body stimulation on either side.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Apelin and the proopiomelanocortin system: a new regulatory pathway of hypothalamic α-MSH release

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (5) ◽  
pp. E955-E966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annabelle Reaux-Le Goazigo ◽  
Laurence Bodineau ◽  
Nadia De Mota ◽  
Lydie Jeandel ◽  
Nicolas Chartrel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Zucker Rats ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone ◽  
System A ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Apelin Receptor

Neuronal networks originating in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Arc) play a fundamental role in controlling energy balance. In the Arc, neuropeptide Y (NPY)-producing neurons stimulate food intake, whereas neurons releasing the proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptide α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) strongly decrease food intake. There is growing evidence to suggest that apelin and its receptor may play a role in the central control of food intake, and both are concentrated in the Arc. We investigated the presence of apelin and its receptor in Arc NPY- and POMC-containing neurons and the effects of apelin on α-MSH release in the hypothalamus. We showed, by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, that apelin-immunoreactive (IR) neuronal cell bodies were distributed throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the Arc and that apelin was strongly colocalized with POMC, but weakly colocalized with NPY. However, there were numerous NPY-IR nerve fibers close to the apelin-IR neuronal cell bodies. By combining in situ hybridization with immunohistochemistry, we demonstrated the presence of apelin receptor mRNA in Arc POMC neurons. Moreover, using a perifusion technique for hypothalamic explants, we demonstrated that apelin-17 (K17F) increased α-MSH release, suggesting that apelin released somato-dendritically or axonally from POMC neurons may stimulate α-MSH release in an autocrine manner. Consistent with these data, hypothalamic apelin levels were found to be higher in obese db/db mice and fa/fa Zucker rats than in wild-type animals. These findings support the hypothesis that central apelin is involved in regulating body weight and feeding behavior through the direct stimulation of α-MSH release.

scholarly journals Stimulation by acetylcholine of phosphatidylinositol labelling. Subcellular distribution in rat cerebral-cortex slices

1972 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 1141-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo G. Lapetina ◽  
Robert H. Michell
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Subcellular Fractionation ◽  
Rat Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Marker Enzymes ◽  
Fresh Tissue ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
Cortex Slices

1. Rat cerebral-cortex slices were incubated with 32Pi, acetylcholine and eserine for periods of 10min and 2h. The specific radioactivity of phosphatidylinositol was elevated during these treatments by 36 and 106% respectively. 2. The specific radioactivities of the phosphatidylinositol in different cell structures were determined after subcellular fractionation. They were highest in the nuclear, microsomal and synaptic-vesicle fractions and lowest in myelin, both in the controls and in the acetylcholine-treated slices. 3. The stimulated labelling of phosphatidylinositol was relatively evenly distributed: no subcellular fraction showed a stimulation markedly higher than that in the homogenate. 4. Studies of the distributions and activities of marker enzymes indicated that the subcellular fractionation achieved was similar to that with fresh tissue. 5. The results are discussed in relation to the previous report that the stimulation is observed throughout the neuronal cell-bodies and in relation to the hypothesis that the labelled phosphatidylinositol produced by stimulation is a component of an acetylcholine-receptor proteolipid localized in the synaptic junction.

Neurons controlling cardiovascular responses to emotion are located in lateral hypothalamus-perifornical region

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (5) ◽  
pp. R943-R954 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Smith ◽  
J. L. DeVito ◽  
C. A. Astley
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Axonal Degeneration ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Ibotenic Acid ◽  
Defense Reaction ◽  
Autonomic Responses ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
Thoracic Cord

We did four experiments to determine whether the lateral hypothalamus-perifornical (LH/PF) region is the source of neuronal cell bodies responsible for producing the cardiovascular (CV) responses associated with emotion or the defense reaction. Of particular concern was whether the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) plays a role in the generation of these CV responses. Mapping the hypothalamus with electrical stimulation showed that the CV pattern of responses was never produced by stimulating the PVN and was invariably produced by stimulating the LH/PF region. Complete electrolytic destruction of the PVN and subsequent axonal degeneration did not change the CV pattern of responses elicited by LH/PF stimulation, whereas any encroachment of the lesion on the LH/PF region decreased the magnitude of the CV responses. Injection of the neuroexcitotoxin ibotenic acid (Ibo) into the PVN did not affect responses to LH/PF stimulation, whereas Ibo injection into the LH/PF region eliminated or severely attenuated the CV responses. Retrograde labeling of cells from the thoracic cord and the ventrolateral reticular formation revealed a scattered group of cells in the LH/PF region that may be the cells controlling the CV responses. These results point directly to the LH/PF region as the source of the cell bodies responsible for the autonomic responses associated with emotion or defense reactions.

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