Reasons for and perceptions of childlessness among older persons: Exploring the impact of marital status and gender

ABSTRACTBeing married reduces the mortality risk of older persons. More generally, living arrangements that include co-residence with a source of support and a close care-giver are associated with a lower mortality risk. We build a detailed typology of private and collective living arrangements, including marital status, and check its association with mortality risks, controlling for health status. Using administrative data from the population register, we identify the living arrangement of all individuals aged 65 years and over living in Belgium as at 1 January 2002, and their survival during the year 2002. Data on health status are extracted from the 2001 census. We use binary logistic regression with the probability to die as outcome and living arrangement, health, age and gender as covariates. Our results show that mortality is more closely associated with actual living arrangements than with marital status. This association is age and gender-specific and remains even at very old ages. Living with a spouse is confirmed to be beneficial for survival but in older age living alone becomes more favourable. Of all living arrangements, older persons living in religious communities experience the lowest mortality risk whereas those living in nursing homes experience the highest risk.

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How Do Marital Status And Gender Affect The PRR To A University Degree In Australia?

Contemporary Issues in Education Research (CIER) ◽

10.19030/cier.v4i7.4790 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 4 (7) ◽

pp. 19

Author(s):

Sarah Wright

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Marital Status ◽

Rate Of Return ◽

Income Data ◽

And Gender ◽

The Cost ◽

University Degree ◽

The Impact ◽

Private Rate ◽

Housing Survey

While Australian evidence suggests that the Private Rate of Return (PRR) to a university degree in Australia has gradually declined with increases in the cost of higher education, these studies have only measured the PRR for the average male and average female. This paper uses income data from the ABS Income and Housing Survey (2003-04) CURF to measure the impact of the 2005 increase in HECS fees on the PRR based on gender and marital status. This paper shows that the return to a university degree is largely affected by both gender and marital status and studies that measure the PRR to a university degree for single males and single females with no dependent children underestimate the PRR for most male graduates and overestimate the PRR of female graduates.

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IMPACT OF SOCIAL SUPPORT AND STRAIN ON DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS: MARITAL STATUS AND GENDER DIFFERENCES

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igz038.3350 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S919-S919

Author(s):

Deborah Carr ◽

Yeonjung Jane Lee

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Older Adults ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Marital Status ◽

Late Life ◽

Well Being ◽

Negatively Associated ◽

Fine Grained ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact

Abstract Social relationships are a well-established correlate of late-life well-being. Extensive research finds social support is associated with fewer depressive symptoms, yet few studies distinguish fine-grained types of support from spouse, children, other family and friends, nor whether these linkages differ by gender and marital status. Studies exploring coarse associations between support and well-being may conceal gender and marital status differences. We use data from two waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; 2006 and 2010) to study fine-grained linkages between diverse types of relationship strain and support and depressive symptoms (CESD) among adults aged 51+. The results show that the association between support/strain and depressive symptoms varies based on the source of support. For instance, among married/partnered older adults, spousal support is negatively associated with depressive symptoms whereas friend strain is positively associated with depressive symptoms. Among widowed respondents, friend support is negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These marital status patterns differed by gender however, such that the impact of friend strain on depressive symptoms was especially large for divorced men. Our results suggest that no single form of social support (or strain) is uniformly protective (or distressing), so services and interventions to enhance late-life mental health should more fully consider older adults’ social location, including gender and marital status. For current cohorts of older adults, who have lower rates of marriage and childbearing than their predecessors, it is critically important to understand both the levels and impacts of alternative sources of support from other kin and friends.

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Does marital status and marital status change predict physical health in older adults?

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s003329170600818x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 36 (9) ◽

pp. 1313-1320 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

KATE M. BENNETT

Keyword(s):

Physical Health ◽

Marital Status ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Service Use ◽

Structural Equation Models ◽

Status Change ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Time Courses ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact

Background. Evidence for the effects of marital status and marital status change on physical health is equivocal.Method. Structural equation models examined whether marital status predicted physical health. Six groups were examined simultaneously: married (M); widowed (W); divorced (D); never married (NM); newly widowed (NW); and newly divorced (ND). There were four annual measures (T1–T4). Both NW and ND were married at T1, but had lost their partners by T2. Four physical health variables were examined: Problems, Limitations, Service use, and Self-rated health (SRH). Age and gender were included.Results. Previous health predicted future for all measures and for all groups. However, the specific strengths and time-courses varied between marital status groups and between health measures. The most marked patterns were associated with marital status change. Service use was influenced most strongly by NW, whilst Limitations was influenced by ND. Problems distinguished NW and ND from stable marital status groups but also from each other. SRH was influenced by W and not by recent marital status change. The effects of age and gender were modest and restricted to specific health variables and specific marital statuses.Conclusions. The results demonstrate that marital status and marital status change, in particular, influence health longitudinally. The impact of a change to divorced or to widowed status is not the same. No two health variables responded in the same way, suggesting that marital status has a differential effect on health.

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Gender, Marital Status, and Children as Risk Factors for Burnout in Nurses: A Meta-Analytic Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph15102102 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (10) ◽

pp. 2102 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Guillermo Cañadas-De la Fuente ◽

Elena Ortega ◽

Lucia Ramirez-Baena ◽

Emilia De la Fuente-Solana ◽

Cristina Vargas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Marital Status ◽

Emotional Exhaustion ◽

Maslach Burnout Inventory ◽

Personal Accomplishment ◽

Burnout Syndrome ◽

Significant Relation ◽

Burnout Risk ◽

And Gender ◽

Nursing Professionals ◽

The Impact

The correlation between the burnout syndrome and sociodemographic variables in nursing professionals has been widely studied though research results are contradictory. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of gender, marital status, and children on the dimensions of the burnout syndrome (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment) in nursing professionals, as measured with the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The search was performed in May 2018 in the next databases: CINAHL, CUIDEN, Dialnet, Psicodoc, ProQuest Platform, OVID Platform, and Scopus with the search equation (“Maslach Burnout Inventory” OR “MBI”) AND “nurs*”, without using any search restriction. The sample was n = 78 studies: 57 studies for gender; 32 for marital status; 13 for having children. A statistically significant relation between depersonalization and gender (r = 0.078), marital status (r = 0.047), and children (r = 0.053) was found. A significant relation was also found between emotional exhaustion and children (r = 0.048). The results showed that being male, being single or divorced, and not having children were related to the highest levels of burnout in nurses. Moreover, these relations could be accentuated by the influence of moderator variables (age, seniority, job satisfaction, etc.), which, in combination with the previously mentioned significant relations, should be evaluated in the design burnout risk profiles for nursing professionals.

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40 The Association between Apathy, Decline in Physcal Performance, and Falls

Age and Ageing ◽

10.1093/ageing/afz164.40 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. iv9-iv12

Author(s):

Marieke Henstra ◽

Didi Rhebergen ◽

Lisette De Groot ◽

Natasja Van Schoor ◽

Nathalie Van der Velde

Keyword(s):

Physical Performance ◽

Fall Risk ◽

Older Persons ◽

Osteoporotic Fractures ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Older Individuals ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Age And Gender ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Symptoms of apathy are common in older persons. Negative effects on physical performance and fall risk are plausible, considering the pathophysiology of apathy. However, literature is scarce. Aim To longitudinally assess the association between apathy and 1) decline of physical performance and 2) the number of falls in older community-dwelling persons. Methods The ‘B-vitamins for the PRevention Of Osteoporotic Fractures’ study (B-PROOF) provided data on 2919 older persons over a period of two years. Apathy was assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale3. A physical performance score (PPS) was calculated using three performance tests. Falls were registered prospectively. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (ORs), Incidence Rate Ratios (IRRs) their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Effect-modification by age and gender was investigated. We also investigated mediation by baseline PPS for the association between apathy and the number of falls. Results Apathy and decline of PPS were independently associated. After stratification, the effect only remained in men. Age was an effect modifier; higher ORs for decreasing age. Apathy was also independently associated with the number of falls. After stratification, women had higher IRRs than men. Age modified the association in the opposite direction: higher IRRs for increasing age. Baseline PPS was a mediator in the association. Conclusion The impact of apathy on physical performance and fall-incidents varied with age and gender. Potentially, in older individuals with apathy, fall risk is preceded by a decline in physical performance. In clinical practice, identifying apathy in older persons might be useful to target mobility preserving interventions.

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Executives Perception of the Impact of Flexitime on Organizational Performance

International Journal of Applied Behavioral Economics ◽

10.4018/ijabe.2012070102 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 16-27

Author(s):

Osibanjo Adewale Omotayo ◽

Abolaji Joachim Abiodun ◽

Akinrole Olumuyiwa Fadugba

Keyword(s):

Marital Status ◽

Organizational Performance ◽

Cultural Context ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Flexible Work ◽

Level Of Satisfaction ◽

Significant Negative Impact ◽

Main Medium ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact

The paper investigates the perception of Nigerian executives on the impact of flexitime on organizational performance. Effort is made to explore the attitudinal disposition of employees towards flexitime and how gender affects employee satisfaction with flexitime. The study, based on administered questionnaires as the main medium for data collection from managers in private sector of the Nigerian economy, utilizes correlations and multi-variate regression analysis to determine variables that significantly contribute to manager’s satisfaction with flexible work arrangement. The study finds that marital status and gender exert significant negative impact on level of satisfaction with flexitime. In addition, gender, marital status and motivation capabilities of flexitime were found to be a significant determinant of satisfaction with flexitime. Therefore, given the cultural context of the study it does appear that organizations might found it profitable to adopt a flexitime policy so as to relieve their employees some family or domestic burden with the attendant motivation benefit that increases employee performances.

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UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS ON ASNAF’S SUSTAINABILITY: A PLS-SEM APPROACH

Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance ◽

10.21098/jimf.v7i4.1289 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

Author(s):

M Ashraf Al Haq ◽

Norazlina Abd Wahab ◽

Md. Mahmudul Alam

Keyword(s):

Marital Status ◽

Demographic Factors ◽

Institutional Factors ◽

Low Level ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Moderating Role

This study examines the impact of zakat on the life sustainability of individuals. The data were collected from 427 returned questionnaires from zakat recipients in eleven districts of Kedah. Using PLS-SEM, it was found that asnafs’ receiving offers a very low level of assistance that provides little empowerment. The results support the notion that institutional contributory performance has a positive effect and that the level of sustainability does increase after receiving zakat, but there are issues that need to be addressed carefully. The study further examines the moderating role of demographic factors, such as earnings, age, marital status and gender. It initiated a newer dimension through incorporating before-zakat and after-zakat scenarios in examining their comparative impact on sustainability.

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Marital Status and Its Correlation with Age, Race and Gender in Prognosis of Tonsil Squamous Cell Carcinomas

10.21203/rs.3.rs-61661/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

yujiao Li ◽

Chaosu Hu

Keyword(s):

Marital Status ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Tumor Stage ◽

Squamous Cell Carcinomas ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Female Survivors ◽

Kaplan Meier ◽

Chi Squared ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background: To assess the impact of marital status on tonsil squamous cell carcinomas (TSCC) prognosis and to analyze whether the impact is correlated with gender, age and race.Methods: We examined the clinicopathological variables using Chi-squared tests and we evaluated the association between survival and different variables using the methods of Kaplan-Meier. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the effects of each variable on survival.Results: A total of 10720 patients were analyzed. The rate of being married was higher among Asian or Caucasian, and this rate decreased with higher tumor stage. While both married male and female survivors benefit from their marital status, we found a differential in CSS based on gender, with males benefitting more than females (p < 0.05). Patients who were divorced/separated/single (DSS) (male HR =1.733, 95% CI: 1.548-1.940; female HR = 1.157, 95% CI: 0.887-1.507) and widowed (male HR = 2.052, 95% CI: 1.597-2.637; female HR =1.890, 95% CI: 1.374-2.599) had increased hazard of OS compared with married/partnered patients. The same results were found in OS. Subgroups analysis shows that the protective effect of marriage was consistent in all patients except for N3 groups (all, p<0.05).Conclusion: While there are survival benefits for married patients with TSCC, married/partnered males may benefit more than females. Age, race, and gender could affect the correlation between marital status and survival. However, when considering patients affected by more aggressive disease(N3 disease), the effect of marital status would be vanished.

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