Stem water potential and leaf conductance: A comparison of sorbus aucuparia and Sambucus nigra

1999 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 121-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
U.K. Vogt ◽  
R. Losch
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Conductance ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Sorbus Aucuparia ◽  
Sambucus Nigra ◽  
Stem Water

Water stress and reduced fruit size in micro-irrigated pear trees under deficit partial rootzone drying

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark G. O'Connell ◽  
Ian Goodwin
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Leaf Conductance ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Reproductive Growth ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
Partial Rootzone Drying

Crop water relations, vegetative and reproductive growth, and soil water status were studied during 2 seasons to determine the effectiveness of partial rootzone drying (PRD) in a mature micro-irrigated pear orchard in the Goulburn Valley, Australia. PRD treatments were 50% (PRD50) and 100% (PRD100) of predicted crop water requirement (ETc) applied on one side of the tree alternated on a 14-day cycle compared with a Control treatment, which received 100% of ETc irrigated on both sides of the tree. Irrigation was applied daily by micro-jets to replace ETc estimated using reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) and a FAO-56 crop coefficient of 1.15 adjusted for tree size. The PRD50 regime applied 174–250 mm for the season v. 347–470 mm for both the Control and PRD100 treatments. Irrigation maintained a well watered rootzone under the emitter compared with the drying profiles of the alternated wet/dry irrigated zones of the PRD treatments. There was no significant benefit of PRD100 compared with the Control irrigation regime. Similar vegetative growth (canopy radiation interception), reproductive growth (fruit growth rate, final fruit size, yield), fruit quality (total soluble solids, flesh firmness), and crop water relations (midday leaf conductance, midday leaf and stem water potential) were measured between the Control and PRD100. Trees under the PRD50 regime showed symptoms of severe water stress, that being greater fruit drop, reduced fruit size, lower yield, reduced leaf conductance, and lower leaf and stem water potential. The 50% water saving afforded by PRD50 led to a yield penalty of 16–28% compared with the Control and PRD100. PRD50 fruit failed to meet commercial cannery requirements due to poor fruit size. We conclude from an agronomic basis that deficit PRD irrigation management is not recommended for micro-irrigated pear orchards on fine-textured soils in the Goulburn Valley, Australia.

scholarly journals Relationship of stem water potential and leaf conductance to vegetative growth of young olive trees in a hedgerow orchard

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 270 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Gómez-del-Campo ◽  
A. Leal ◽  
C. Pezuela
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Leaf Conductance ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Stem Water

In 2005, four irrigation treatments were applied to a 3-year-old cv. Cornicabra orchard. In T1, wetted soil volume was maintained close to field capacity by irrigating when soil sensors indicated that soil water potential in the root zone had fallen to –0.03 MPa and 0.06 MPa from spring until 15 August and from 15 August until September, respectively. On those days, 8, 6, 4, and 2 h of irrigation was applied to T1, T2, T3, and T4, so that over the season they received 106, 81, 76 and 31 mm of irrigation, respectively. The high value for T3 was the result of a valve failure on 13 June. Measurements were maintained throughout the experimental period of relative extractable water (REW) to 1 m depth at the wetted volume (0.30 m from a drip emitter), shoot length, trunk diameter, stem water potential (Ψstem) and leaf conductance (gl). The irrigation treatment significantly affected REW (P < 0.10), Ψstem, gl and vegetative growth (P < 0.05). Ψstem, and trunk diameter were the least variable parameters and Ψstem and shoot growth were the most sensitive to water stress. Although T1 received 24% more water than T2, no significant differences were detected in vegetative growth. T2 should be considered the optimum irrigation value. The mean monthly Kc for T2 was 0.086. The failure of the valve in T3 simulated a wet spring followed by limited irrigation. Irrigation applied was similar to T2 but shoot growth stopped one month earlier and lower values of Ψstem and gl were observed after mid August. REW was highly related to vegetative growth, 66% of maximum being achieved at REW 0.53 and 50% at 0.45. gl was independant of plant or soil water status and did not determine vegetative growth. A strong relationship established Ψstem as a good indicator of vegetative growth and hence of water stress. Shoot growth was 66% of maximum at Ψstem –1.5 MPa and 50% at –1.8 MPa.

scholarly journals Water relations of woody perennial plant species

OENO One ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth A. Shackel
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Conductance ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Woody Perennial ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Woody Crop

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: To describe the relation of various water status measures of woody perennial plants (predawn and midday stem and leaf water potential), to indices of physiological activity such as leaf conductance, vegetative growth and fruit growth and composition.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Almonds were exposed to three levels of irrigation over three years, and midday stem water potential (SWP) and leaf conductance, collected at approximately weekly intervals, is reported for the third year of the study. A strong linear increase in both leaf conductance and trunk growth occurred with increasing SWP, and this relation was consistent both within and between treatments. A similarly positive linear relation was found between SWP and fruit size in pear, with a negative relation between SWP and fruit soluble solids and fruit color. In grapevine, SWP was found to be uniform across all lower canopy positions tested (trunk, cordon and near the base of current year shoots) and positively correlated to early season shoot growth even before irrigation treatments were applied. Midday SWP was found to be more sensitive than midday leaf water potential (LWP) for detecting treatment differences over the course of the season, but both were well correlated to average seasonal leaf conductance within and between irrigation treatments. Predawn SWP and LWP were not as well correlated to average seasonal leaf conductance, but the most important factor determining midday leaf conductance was wind speed, indicating that grape leaf stomatal responses are quite sensitive to this environmental factor.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: In a wide variety of woody crop species midday stem water potential (SWP) has been found to be a valuable tool for quantifying the degree of water stress experienced by the plant, and for understanding the physiological responses of the plant to water limited conditions. In grapevine, SWP detected irrigation differences over 1 month sooner than midday leaf water potential when the number of vines used and the number of samples taken were the same for both methods, and SWP had a higher correlation to leaf conductance than predawn leaf or stem water potential.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of study</strong>: SWP as a standard method for quantifying water stress in grapevine and other crops will aid research in the development of reliable management practices to improve crop productivity and quality.</p>

scholarly journals Impacts of water stress, environment and rootstock on the diurnal behaviour of stem water potential and leaf conductance in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. e0804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Houssem Memmi ◽  
Jose F. Couceiro ◽  
Carmen Gijón ◽  
David Pérez-López
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Leaf Conductance ◽  
Irrigation Season ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
Diurnal Behaviour ◽  
Pistachio Trees

Little information is available on the diurnal behaviour of water potential and leaf conductance on pistachio trees despite their relevance to fine tune irrigation strategies. Mature pistachio trees were subject to simultaneous measurements of stem water potential (Ψx) and leaf conductance (gl) during the day, at three important periods of the irrigation season. Trees were grown on three different rootstocks and water regimes. An initial baseline relating Ψx to air vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is presented for irrigation scheduling in pistachio. Ψx was closely correlated with VPD but with a different fit according to the degree of water stress. No evidence of the variation of Ψx in relation to the phenology of the tree was observed. Furthermore, midday Ψx showed more accuracy to indicate a situation of water stress than predawn water potential. Under well irrigated conditions, gl was positively correlated with VPD during stage II of growth reaching its peak when VPD reached its maximum value (around 4 kPa). This behaviour changed during stage III of fruit growth suggesting a reliance of stomatal behaviour to the phenological stage independently to the tree water status. The levels of water stress reached were translated in a slow recovery of tree water status and leaf conductance (more than 40 days). Regarding rootstocks, P. integerrima showed little adaptation to water shortage compared to the two other rootstocks under the studied conditions.

scholarly journals The Effect of Irrigation Rate on the Water Relations of Young Citrus Trees in High-Density Planting

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1759
Author(s):  
Said A. Hamido ◽  
Kelly T. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Irrigation Rate ◽  
Biological Stress ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents

The availability and proper irrigation scheduling of water are some of the most significant limitations on citrus production in Florida. The proper volume of citrus water demand is vital in evaluating sustainable irrigation approaches. The current study aims to determine the amount of irrigation required to grow citrus trees at higher planting densities without detrimental impacts on trees’ water relation parameters. The study was conducted between November 2017 and September 2020 on young sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) trees budded on the ‘US-897’ (Cleopatra mandarin x Flying Dragon trifoliate orange) citrus rootstock transplanted in sandy soil at the Southwest Florida Research and Education Center (SWFREC) demonstration grove, near Immokalee, Florida. The experiment contained six planting densities, including 447, 598, and 745 trees per ha replicated four times, and 512, 717, and 897 trees per ha replicated six times. Each density treatment was irrigated at 62% or 100% during the first 15 months between 2017 and 2019 or one of the four irrigation rates (26.5, 40.5, 53, or 81%) based on the calculated crop water supplied (ETc) during the last 17 months of 2019–2020. Tree water relations, including soil moisture, stem water potential, and water supplied, were collected periodically. In addition, soil salinity was determined. During the first year (2018), a higher irrigation rate (100% ETc) represented higher soil water contents; however, the soil water content for the lower irrigation rate (62% ETc) did not represent biological stress. One emitter per tree regardless of planting density supported stem water potential (Ψstem) values between −0.80 and −0.79 MPa for lower and full irrigation rates, respectively. However, when treatments were adjusted from April 2019 through September 2020, the results substantially changed. The higher irrigation rate (81% ETc) represented higher soil water contents during the remainder of the study, the lower irrigation rate (26.5% ETc) represents biological stress as a result of stem water potential (Ψstem) values between −1.05 and −0.91 MPa for lower and higher irrigation rates, respectively. Besides this, increasing the irrigation rate from 26.5% to 81%ETc decreased the soil salinity by 33%. Although increasing the planting density from 717 to 897 trees per hectare reduced the water supplied on average by 37% when one irrigation emitter was used to irrigate two trees instead of one, applying an 81% ETc irrigation rate in citrus is more efficient and could be managed in commercial groves.

scholarly journals Towards Vine Water Status Monitoring on a Large Scale Using Sentinel-2 Images

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1837
Author(s):  
Eve Laroche-Pinel ◽  
Sylvie Duthoit ◽  
Mohanad Albughdadi ◽  
Anne D. Costard ◽  
Jacques Rousseau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
Sentinel 2

Wine growing needs to adapt to confront climate change. In fact, the lack of water becomes more and more important in many regions. Whereas vineyards have been located in dry areas for decades, so they need special resilient varieties and/or a sufficient water supply at key development stages in case of severe drought. With climate change and the decrease of water availability, some vineyard regions face difficulties because of unsuitable variety, wrong vine management or due to the limited water access. Decision support tools are therefore required to optimize water use or to adapt agronomic practices. This study aimed at monitoring vine water status at a large scale with Sentinel-2 images. The goal was to provide a solution that would give spatialized and temporal information throughout the season on the water status of the vines. For this purpose, thirty six plots were monitored in total over three years (2018, 2019 and 2020). Vine water status was measured with stem water potential in field measurements from pea size to ripening stage. Simultaneously Sentinel-2 images were downloaded and processed to extract band reflectance values and compute vegetation indices. In our study, we tested five supervised regression machine learning algorithms to find possible relationships between stem water potential and data acquired from Sentinel-2 images (bands reflectance values and vegetation indices). Regression model using Red, NIR, Red-Edge and SWIR bands gave promising result to predict stem water potential (R2=0.40, RMSE=0.26).

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