scholarly journals Socioeconomic status and risk factors for non-communicable diseases in low-income and lower-middle-income countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. e230-e231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Stringhini ◽  
Pascal Bovet
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income Countries

scholarly journals The global non-communicable diseases epidemic and association between dietary factors and non-communicable diseases by income levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyunjung Lim ◽  
Do-Yeon Kim ◽  
Ju Hyun Park ◽  
Hyunjung Lim
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Middle Income Countries

AbstractNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) share common risk factors as poor dietary intakes, especially among low-income populations worldwide. However, the diet-related health burden by country income levels remains unclear. We assessed the current prevalence of NCDs and the association between selected dietary factors and NCDs by income levels. Data were obtained from the World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, and World Bank, and 151 countries were included in the analysis weighted by the total population size. Linear regression was used to find the association between metabolic risk factors and health-related behaviors by income levels. The prevalence of raised fasting blood glucose and total cholesterol, overweight, and obesity were lowest in lower and middle income countries, but prevalence of raised blood pressure and NCD deaths under age 70 were highest in lower and middle income countries (p for trend < 0.001). The proportion of carbohydrates and alcohol consumer were highest, and vegetable, milk supply, insufficient activity were lowest in lower and middle income countries. In high income countries, raised fasting blood glucose level were negatively associated with vegetable consumption (β = -0⋅05 CI [-0⋅08, -0⋅02]), and alcohol consumption, fat intake (7⋅94 [1⋅82, 14⋅06]), and sugar and sweetener supply (0⋅04 [0⋅01, 0⋅07]) were associated with overweight. In low income countries, overweight was associated with vegetable oil (0⋅03 [0⋅00, 0⋅05]),. In this study, different relationship between diets and NCDs trends were found across country income levels. Appropriate health policies for each group of countries by income are needed to solve the increasing challenges of NCDs.This work was carried out with the support of “Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development (Project No. PJ PJ01317001)” Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

Physical inactivity and non-communicable disease burden in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries

2021 ◽  
pp. bjsports-2020-103640
Author(s):  
Peter T Katzmarzyk ◽  
Christine Friedenreich ◽  
Eric J Shiroma ◽  
I-Min Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
High Income ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income Countries

ObjectivesPhysical inactivity is a risk factor for premature mortality and several non-communicable diseases. The purpose of this study was to estimate the global burden associated with physical inactivity, and to examine differences by country income and region.MethodsPopulation-level, prevalence-based population attributable risks (PAR) were calculated for 168 countries to estimate how much disease could be averted if physical inactivity were eliminated. We calculated PARs (percentage of cases attributable to inactivity) for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality and non-communicable diseases including coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dementia, depression and cancers of the bladder, breast, colon, endometrium, oesophagus, stomach and kidney.ResultsGlobally, 7.2% and 7.6% of all-cause and cardiovascular disease deaths, respectively, are attributable to physical inactivity. The proportions of non-communicable diseases attributable to physical inactivity range from 1.6% for hypertension to 8.1% for dementia. There was an increasing gradient across income groups; PARs were more than double in high-income compared with low-income countries. However, 69% of total deaths and 74% of cardiovascular disease deaths associated with physical inactivity are occurring in middle-income countries, given their population size. Regional differences were also observed, with the PARs occurring in Latin America/Caribbean and high-income Western and Asia-Pacific countries, and the lowest burden occurring in Oceania and East/Southeast Asia.ConclusionThe global burden associated with physical inactivity is substantial. The relative burden is greatest in high-income countries; however, the greatest number of people (absolute burden) affected by physical inactivity are living in middle-income countries given the size of their populations.

Adolescent non-communicable diseases

2018 ◽  
pp. 65-69
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Pitchforth ◽  
Dougal Hargreaves
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Harmful Use ◽  
Unhealthy Diet ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Respiratory Conditions ◽  
Harmful Use Of Alcohol

Four non-communicable diseases (NCDs): cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory conditions, are responsible for 63% of deaths worldwide. Most of these deaths (86%) occur in low and middle-income countries, where the highest proportion of adolescents live. Four shared behavioural risk factors for NCDs (tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and harmful use of alcohol) are usually acquired during adolescence and persist throughout life. For example, globally 100,000 young people start smoking each day and over 90% of adults who smoke started during childhood or adolescence. This chapter will explore each of these risk factors, the impact on adolescent health and what steps are being taken to address these problems, as well as the contribution of chronic disease to the NCDs.

scholarly journals The household economic burden of non-communicable diseases in 18 countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. e002040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrianna Murphy ◽  
Benjamin Palafox ◽  
Marjan Walli-Attaei ◽  
Timothy Powell-Jackson ◽  
Sumathy Rangarajan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Healthcare Costs ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Catastrophic Spending

BackgroundNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death globally. In 2014, the United Nations committed to reducing premature mortality from NCDs, including by reducing the burden of healthcare costs. Since 2014, the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study has been collecting health expenditure data from households with NCDs in 18 countries.MethodsUsing data from the PURE Study, we estimated risk of catastrophic health spending and impoverishment among households with at least one person with NCDs (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, kidney disease, cancer and respiratory diseases; n=17 435), with hypertension only (a leading risk factor for NCDs; n=11 831) or with neither (n=22 654) by country income group: high-income countries (Canada and Sweden), upper middle income countries (UMICs: Brazil, Chile, Malaysia, Poland, South Africa and Turkey), lower middle income countries (LMICs: the Philippines, Colombia, India, Iran and the Occupied Palestinian Territory) and low-income countries (LICs: Bangladesh, Pakistan, Zimbabwe and Tanzania) and China.ResultsThe prevalence of catastrophic spending and impoverishment is highest among households with NCDs in LMICs and China. After adjusting for covariates that might drive health expenditure, the absolute risk of catastrophic spending is higher in households with NCDs compared with no NCDs in LMICs (risk difference=1.71%; 95% CI 0.75 to 2.67), UMICs (0.82%; 95% CI 0.37 to 1.27) and China (7.52%; 95% CI 5.88 to 9.16). A similar pattern is observed in UMICs and China for impoverishment. A high proportion of those with NCDs in LICs, especially women (38.7% compared with 12.6% in men), reported not taking medication due to costs.ConclusionsOur findings show that financial protection from healthcare costs for people with NCDs is inadequate, particularly in LMICs and China. While the burden of NCD care may appear greatest in LMICs and China, the burden in LICs may be masked by care foregone due to costs. The high proportion of women reporting foregone care due to cost may in part explain gender inequality in treatment of NCDs.

scholarly journals Global trends of chronic non-communicable diseases risk factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Di Cesare
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Global Prevalence ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity

Abstract Background One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to reduce, by 2025, the rise in global trends of major non-communicable diseases (NCDs). We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in NCD risk factors. Methods Data from the NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) allowed the analysis of over 128 million children, adolescents, and adults with available information on height and weight, 4.4 million participants with data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers, and 19 million adults that had measured the blood pressures. Results No changes in age-standardised mean BMI in girls and boys from 1975 to 2016 were registered in eastern Europe, while an increase of up to 1.00 kg/m2 per decade was reported in central Latin America (for girls) and in Polynesia and Micronesia (for boys). Global prevalence of obesity increased from less than 1% in 1975 to 5.6% and 7.8% in 2016 in girls and boys, respectively. In adults, prevalence of obesity increased from 3.2% in 1975 to 10.8% in 2014 in men, and from 6.4% to 14.9% in women. Global diabetes prevalence increased from 4.3% in 1980 to 9.0% in 2014 in men, and from 5.0% to 7.9% in women; the lowest prevalence in 2014 has been recorded in northwestern Europe. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014. Estimation from current trends shows that only a minority of countries (mostly in western Europe) have a 50% or higher probability of halting the rise of diabetes by 2025. Global prevalence of raised blood pressure was more than 20% in both men and women in 2015. Globally, the number of adults with raised blood pressure increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1.13 billion in 2015, with the increase largely in low-income and middle-income countries. Interpretation The burden of NCD risk factors is partially due to population growth and ageing. However, lifestyle factors play a crucial role in NCD prevention.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document