Species Comparisons

2021 ◽  
pp. 165-233
Keyword(s):  
Species Comparisons

Easy-to-Hard Effect: Cross-Species Comparisons and Neural Mechanisms

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Mercado ◽  
Itzel Orduna ◽  
Estella H. Liu ◽  
Barbara A. Church
Keyword(s):  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Species Comparisons

scholarly journals Intraspecific Latitudinal Variation in Nest Orientation Among Ground-Nesting Passerines: A Study Using Published Data

The Condor ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niall H.K. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Early Morning ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Nest Entrance ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
European Species ◽  
Statistical Comparison ◽  
Species Comparisons ◽  
Nest Microclimate ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ground Nesting

Abstract The relationship between nest entrance orientation and latitude among ground-nesting passerines was reviewed using published information. Data were collated for seven North American and European species. Pooling within-species comparisons, there was a clear trend from a preference for north-facing nests at lower latitudes to eastward- or southward-facing nests farther north. Orientations differed significantly in eight of 12 cases for which statistical comparison was possible, means differing in the expected direction in six of these cases. These results highlight how the influence of solar radiation on nest microclimate typically delineates preferred nest orientation in these species, i.e., at lower latitudes, the need for shade results in a preference for northward orientations; at mid latitudes, eastward orientations predominate, reflecting a probable balance between the benefits of warmth in the early morning and shade in the afternoon; while at high latitudes, nests may be oriented southward to gain warmth throughout the day.

scholarly journals Alternative splicing during mammalian organ development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel V. Mazin ◽  
Philipp Khaitovich ◽  
Margarida Cardoso-Moreira ◽  
Henrik Kaessmann
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Organ Development ◽  
Functional Diversification ◽  
Mammalian Genomes ◽  
Species Comparisons ◽  
Time Specific ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

AbstractAlternative splicing (AS) is pervasive in mammalian genomes, yet cross-species comparisons have been largely restricted to adult tissues and the functionality of most AS events remains unclear. We assessed AS patterns across pre- and postnatal development of seven organs in six mammals and a bird. Our analyses revealed that developmentally dynamic AS events, which are especially prevalent in the brain, are substantially more conserved than nondynamic ones. Cassette exons with increasing inclusion frequencies during development show the strongest signals of conserved and regulated AS. Newly emerged cassette exons are typically incorporated late in testis development, but those retained during evolution are predominantly brain specific. Our work suggests that an intricate interplay of programs controlling gene expression levels and AS is fundamental to organ development, especially for the brain and heart. In these regulatory networks, AS affords substantial functional diversification of genes through the generation of tissue- and time-specific isoforms from broadly expressed genes.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Patterns of Sex-Biased Genes in Three Species of Haplodiploid Insects

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 326
Author(s):  
Yu-Jun Wang ◽  
Hua-Ling Wang ◽  
Xiao-Wei Wang ◽  
Shu-Sheng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Slow Rate ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Coding Sequences ◽  
Species Comparisons ◽  
Differential Gene ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Behavior

Females and males often differ obviously in morphology and behavior, and the differences between sexes are the result of natural selection and/or sexual selection. To a great extent, the differences between the two sexes are the result of differential gene expression. In haplodiploid insects, this phenomenon is obvious, since males develop from unfertilized zygotes and females develop from fertilized zygotes. Whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci species complex are typical haplodiploid insects, and some species of this complex are important pests of many crops worldwide. Here, we report the transcriptome profiles of males and females in three species of this whitefly complex. Between-species comparisons revealed that non-sex-biased genes display higher variation than male-biased or female-biased genes. Sex-biased genes evolve at a slow rate in protein coding sequences and gene expression and have a pattern of evolution that differs from those of social haplodiploid insects and diploid animals. Genes with high evolutionary rates are more related to non-sex-biased traits—such as nutrition, immune system, and detoxification—than to sex-biased traits, indicating that the evolution of protein coding sequences and gene expression has been mainly driven by non-sex-biased traits.

Inter-species comparisons of hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme levels in male ruminants

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (10) ◽  
pp. 555-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Machala ◽  
Pavel Soucek ◽  
Jir� Neca ◽  
Robert Ulrich ◽  
Jir� Lamka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzyme ◽  
P450 Enzyme ◽  
Species Comparisons ◽  
Hepatic Cytochrome

Leakage of K, Mg, Cl, Ca and Mn from imbibing seeds, grains and isolated seed parts

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. A. Lott ◽  
Vandy Cavdek ◽  
Joanne Carson
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Activation Analysis ◽  
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis ◽  
Activation Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Species Comparisons ◽  
Five Elements ◽  
Nutrient Reserves ◽  
Seed Coats ◽  
Storage Reserves

AbstractInstrumental neutron activation analysis (NAA) was used to quantify the amounts of K, Mg, Cl, Ca and Mn leaked into water from imbibing dry seeds, dry fruits and isolated seed parts. A number of intact monocot and dicot dry seeds or fruits were studied as were some isolated parts such as testa, endosperm and embryo. All samples studied leaked detectable amounts of the five elements measured but the amounts leaked varied greatly. In most cases K was leaked in greater amounts than the other elements while Mn was leaked least. The leakage of Ca was highest from isolated seed coats and from mericarps of three umbelliferous species. Comparisons of the amount of element leaked with the total amount of that element present in the starting material showed that leakage, especially of K, represents a substantial loss of mineral nutrient reserves. The degree of leakage of elements did not appear to be closely related to the types of organic storage reserves present.

Plasticity in sexual size dimorphism and Rensch’s rule in Mediterranean blennies (Blenniidae)

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (10) ◽  
pp. 1173-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Lengkeek ◽  
K. Didderen ◽  
I. M. Côté ◽  
E. M. van der Zee ◽  
R. C. Snoek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Rensch’S Rule ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Rensch's Rule ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Species Comparisons ◽  
Aidablennius Sphynx

Comparative analyses of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) across species have led to the discovery of Rensch’s rule. This rule states that SSD increases with body size when males are the largest sex, but decreases with increasing size when females are larger. Within-species comparisons of SSD in fish are rare, yet these may be a valuable tool to investigate evolutionary patterns on a fine scale. This study compares SSD among closely related populations of three species of Mediterranean blennies (Blenniidae): Microlipophrys canevae (Vinciguerra, 1880), Parablennius incognitus (Bath 1968), and Aidablennius sphynx (Valenciennes, 1836). SSD varied more among populations than among species and Rensch’s rule was confirmed within two species. It is not likely that the variation among populations in SSD mirrors genetic variation, as many of the populations were in close proximity of one another, with a high potential for genetic exchange. This study complements larger scale analyses of other taxa and demonstrates the fine scale on which evolutionary processes responsible for Rensch’s rule may be operating.

Characterization of PdCP1, a serine carboxypeptidase from Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causal agent of White-nose Syndrome

2018 ◽  
Vol 399 (12) ◽  
pp. 1375-1388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chapman Beekman ◽  
Zhenze Jiang ◽  
Brian M. Suzuki ◽  
Jonathan M. Palmer ◽  
Daniel L. Lindner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Carboxyl Terminus ◽  
Serine Carboxypeptidase ◽  
Pseudogymnoascus Destructans ◽  
Fluorescent Substrate ◽  
White Nose Syndrome ◽  
Species Comparisons ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
Multiple Species

Abstract Pseudogymnoascus destructans is a pathogenic fungus responsible for White-nose Syndrome (WNS), a disease afflicting multiple species of North American bats. Pseudogymnoascus destructans infects susceptible bats during hibernation, invading dermal tissue and causing extensive tissue damage. In contrast, other Pseudogymnoascus species are non-pathogenic and cross-species comparisons may therefore reveal factors that contribute to virulence. In this study, we compared the secretome of P. destructans with that from several closely related Pseudogymnoascus species. A diverse set of hydrolytic enzymes were identified, including a putative serine peptidase, PdCP1, that was unique to the P. destructans secretome. A recombinant form of PdCP1 was purified and substrate preference determined using a multiplexed-substrate profiling method based on enzymatic degradation of a synthetic peptide library and analysis by mass spectrometry. Most peptide substrates were sequentially truncated from the carboxyl-terminus revealing that this enzyme is a bona fide carboxypeptidase. Peptides with arginine located close to the carboxyl-terminus were rapidly cleaved, and a fluorescent substrate containing arginine was therefore used to characterize PdCP1 activity and to screen a selection of peptidase inhibitors. Antipain and leupeptin were found to be the most potent inhibitors of PdCP1 activity.

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