Hydrothermal Fluids | ScienceGate

Abstract The origin of stratabound deposits in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley Metallogenic Belt (MLYRB), Eastern China, is the subject of considerable debate. The Xinqiao Cu-Fe-Au deposit in the Tongling ore district is a typical stratabound ore body characterized by multi-stage magnetite. A total of six generations of magnetite have been identified. Mt1 is commonly replaced by porous Mt2, and both are commonly trapped in the core of Mt3, which is characterized by both core-rim textures and oscillatory zoning. Porous Mt4 commonly truncates the oscillatory zoning of Mt3, and Mt5 is characterized by 120° triple junction texture. Mt1 to Mt5 are commonly replaced by pyrite that coexists with quartz, whereas Mt6, with a fine-grained foliated and needle-like texture, commonly cuts the early pyrite as veins and is replaced by pyrite that coexists with calcite. The geochemistry of the magnetite suggests that they are hydrothermal in origin. The microporosity of Mt2 and Mt4 magnetite, their sharp contacts with Mt1 and Mt3, and lower trace-element contents (e.g., Si, Ca, Mg, and Ti) than Mt1 and Mt3 suggest that they formed via coupled dissolution and reprecipitation of the precursor Mt1 and Mt3 magnetite, respectively. This was likely caused by high-salinity fluids derived from intensive water-rock interaction between the magmatic-hydrothermal fluids associated with the Jitou stock and Late Permian metalliferous black shales. The 120° triple junction texture of Mt5 suggests it is the result of fluid-assisted recrystallization, whereas Mt6 formed by replacement of hematite as a result of fracturing. The geochemistry of the magnetite suggests that the temperature increased from Mt2 to Mt3 and implies that there were multiple pulses of fluids from a magmatic-hydrothermal system. Therefore, we propose that the Xinqiao stratiform mineralization was genetically associated with multiple influxes of magmatic hydrothermal fluids derived from the Early Cretaceous Jitou stock. This study demonstrates that detailed texture examination and in situ trace-elements analysis under robust geological and petrographic frameworks can effectively constrain the mineralization processes and ore genesis.

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Geochemistry of the black rock series of lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation, SW Yangtze Block, China: Reconstruction of sedimentary and tectonic environments

Open Geosciences ◽

10.1515/geo-2020-0228 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 166-187

Author(s):

Hao Liu ◽

Chan Wang ◽

Yong Li ◽

Jianghong Deng ◽

Bin Deng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Changes ◽

Sedimentary Environment ◽

Hydrothermal Fluids ◽

Early Cambrian ◽

Rock Series ◽

Yangtze Block ◽

Tectonic Environment ◽

Weathering Intensity ◽

Black Rock Series ◽

Tectonic System

Abstract The black rock series in the Qiongzhusi Formation contains important geochemical information about the early Cambrian tectonic and ecological environment of the southwestern Yangtze Block. In this paper, major, trace, and rare earth element data are presented in an attempt to reveal the sediment source during the deposition of the early Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation and to reconstruct the sedimentary tectonic environment and weathering intensity during that time. The basin primarily received continental clastic material with neutral-acidic igneous rocks from a stable source and with a moderate level of maturity during the depositional period of the Qiongzhusi Formation. Furthermore, the strata were weakly influenced by submarine hydrothermal fluids during diagenesis. The reconstruction of the sedimentary environment and weathering intensity shows that P2O5 enrichment and water body stratification occurred due to the effects of upwelling ocean currents during the depositional period of the Qiongzhusi Formation. The combination of upwelling and bottom-water hydrothermal fluids led to environmental changes in the study area, from dry and hot to moist and warm. Last, the reconstruction of the tectonic environment of the Qiongzhusi Formation indicates that deposition occurred in continental slope and marginal marine environments associated with a continental arc tectonic system. These findings provide an essential basis for the comprehensive reconstruction of the early Cambrian sedimentary environment of the Yangtze Block.

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Chemical and boron isotopic compositions of tourmaline at the Dachang Sn-polymetallic ore district in South China: Constraints on the origin and evolution of hydrothermal fluids

Mineralium Deposita ◽

10.1007/s00126-021-01045-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kui-Dong Zhao ◽

Ling-Huo Zhang ◽

Martin R. Palmer ◽

Shao-Yong Jiang ◽

Cong Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South China ◽

Hydrothermal Fluids ◽

Origin And Evolution ◽

Isotopic Compositions ◽

Polymetallic Ore ◽

Ore District

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Tungsten Ores of the Dzhida W-Mo Ore Field (Southwestern Transbaikalia, Russia): Mineral Composition and Physical-Chemical Conditions of Formation

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11070725 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 725

Author(s):

Ludmila B. Damdinova ◽

Bulat B. Damdinov

Keyword(s):

Mineral Composition ◽

Fluid Inclusions ◽

Apical Part ◽

Hydrothermal Fluids ◽

True Temperature ◽

Gangue Mineral ◽

Mineral Formation ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Homogenization Temperatures ◽

Chemical Conditions

This article discusses the peculiarities of mineral composition and a fluid inclusions (FIs further in the text) study of the Kholtoson W and Inkur W deposits located within the Dzhida W-Mo ore field (Southwestern Transbaikalia, Russia). The Mo mineralization spatially coincides with the apical part of the Pervomaisky stock (Pervomaisky deposit), and the W mineralization forms numerous quartz veins in the western part of the ore field (Kholtoson vein deposit) and the stockwork in the central part (Inkur stockwork deposit). The ore mineral composition is similar at both deposits. Quartz is the main gangue mineral; there are also present muscovite, K-feldspar, and carbonates. The main ore mineral of both deposits is hubnerite. In addition to hubnerite, at both deposits, more than 20 mineral species were identified; they include sulfides (pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, bornite, etc.), sulfosalts (tetrahedrite, aikinite, stannite, etc.), oxides (scheelite, cassiterite), and tellurides (hessite). The results of mineralogical and fluid inclusions studies allowed us to conclude that the Inkur W and the Kholtoson W deposits were formed by the same hydrothermal fluids, related to the same ore-forming system. For both deposits, the fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures varied within the range ~195–344 °C. The presence of cogenetic liquid- and vapor-dominated inclusions in the quartz from the ores of the Kholtoson deposit allowed us to estimate the true temperature range of mineral formation as 413–350 °C. Ore deposition occurred under similar physical-chemical conditions, differing only in pressures of mineral formation. The main factors of hubnerite deposition from hydrothermal fluids were decreases in temperature.

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Rapid alteration of fractured volcanic conduits beneath Mt Unzen

Bulletin of Volcanology ◽

10.1007/s00445-021-01450-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 83 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Tim I. Yilmaz ◽

Fabian B. Wadsworth ◽

H. Albert Gilg ◽

Kai-Uwe Hess ◽

Jackie E. Kendrick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Country Rock ◽

Geophysical Methods ◽

Hydrothermal Fluids ◽

Deep Drilling ◽

Stress Regime ◽

Argillic Alteration ◽

Carbon And Oxygen Isotope ◽

Propylitic Alteration ◽

Indirect Information

AbstractThe nature of sub-volcanic alteration is usually only observable after erosion and exhumation at old inactive volcanoes, via geochemical changes in hydrothermal fluids sampled at the surface, via relatively low-resolution geophysical methods or can be inferred from erupted products. These methods are spatially or temporally removed from the real subsurface and thus provide only indirect information. In contrast, the ICDP deep drilling of the Mt Unzen volcano subsurface affords a snapshot into the in situ interaction between the dacitic dykes that fed dome-forming eruptions and the sub-volcanic hydrothermal system, where the most recent lava dome eruption occurred between 1990 and 1995. Here, we analyse drill core samples from hole USDP-4, constraining their degree and type of alteration. We identify and characterize two clay alteration stages: (1) an unusual argillic alteration infill of fractured or partially dissolved plagioclase and hornblende phenocryst domains with kaolinite and Reichweite 1 illite (70)-smectite and (2) propylitic alteration of amphibole and biotite phenocrysts with the fracture-hosted precipitation of chlorite, sulfide and carbonate minerals. These observations imply that the early clay-forming fluid was acidic and probably had a magmatic component, which is indicated for the fluids related to the second chlorite-carbonate stage by our stable carbon and oxygen isotope data. The porosity in the dyke samples is dominantly fracture-hosted, and fracture-filling mineralization is common, suggesting that the dykes were fractured during magma transport, emplacement and cooling, and that subsequent permeable circulation of hydrothermal fluids led to pore clogging and potential partial sealing of the pore network on a timescale of ~ 9 years from cessation of the last eruption. These observations, in concert with evidence that intermediate, crystal-bearing magmas are susceptible to fracturing during ascent and emplacement, lead us to suggest that arc volcanoes enclosed in highly fractured country rock are susceptible to rapid hydrothermal circulation and alteration, with implications for the development of fluid flow, mineralization, stress regime and volcanic edifice structural stability. We explore these possibilities in the context of alteration at other similar volcanoes.

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Analysis of Hydrothermal Systems Beneath Tayukeng through Long-Term Geochemical Signals of Hydrothermal Fluids in Tatun Volcano Group, Taiwan

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18147411 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (14) ◽

pp. 7411

Author(s):

Hsin-Fu Yeh ◽

Hung-Hsiang Hsu

Keyword(s):

Surface Temperature ◽

Hydrothermal System ◽

Hydrothermal Fluid ◽

Thermal Water ◽

Hydrothermal Systems ◽

Hydrothermal Fluids ◽

Geochemical Variations ◽

Northern Taiwan

The Tatun Volcano Group (TVG) is located in northern Taiwan and consists of many springs and fumaroles. The Tayukeng (TYK) area is the most active fumarole site in the TVG. In this study, we analyzed the long-term geochemical variations of hydrothermal fluids and proposed a mechanism responsible for the variation in TYK. There are two different aquifers beneath the TYK area: a shallow SO42−-rich aquifer and a deeper aquifer rich in Cl−. TYK thermal water was mainly supplied by the shallow SO42−-rich aquifer; therefore, the thermal water showed high SO42− concentrations. After 2015, the inflow of deep thermal water increased, causing the Cl− concentrations of the TYK to increase. Notably, the inferred reservoir temperatures based on quartz geothermometry increased; however, the surface temperature of the spring decreased. We inferred that the enthalpy was lost during transportation to the surface. Therefore, the surface temperature of the spring does not increase with an increased inflow of deep hydrothermal fluid. The results can serve as a reference for understanding the complex evolution of the magma-hydrothermal system in the TVG.

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Variations of organic matter transformation in response to hydrothermal fluids: Example from the Indiana part of the Illinois Basin

International Journal of Coal Geology ◽

10.1016/j.coal.2020.103410 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 219 ◽

pp. 103410 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Juan Teng ◽

Maria Mastalerz ◽

Bei Liu ◽

Timothy Gognat ◽

Ernest Hauser ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Hydrothermal Fluids ◽

Illinois Basin ◽

Organic Matter Transformation

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Picking up the hydrothermal whisper at Ischia Island in the Covid-19 lockdown quiet

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-88266-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mariarosaria Falanga ◽

Paola Cusano ◽

Enza De Lauro ◽

Simona Petrosino

Keyword(s):

Pressure Fluctuations ◽

Hydrothermal Fluids ◽

Shallow Aquifer ◽

Two Phase ◽

Spectral Content ◽

Ischia Island ◽

Continuous Noise ◽

Organ Pipes ◽

Source Signals ◽

Phase Fluid

AbstractIn this paper, we analyse the seismic noise at Ischia Island (Italy) with the objective of detecting the hydrothermal source signals taking advantage of the Covid-19 quiescence due to lockdown (strong reduction of anthropogenic noise). We compare the characteristics of the background noise in pre-, during and post-lockdown in terms of spectral content, energy release (RMS) and statistical moments. The continuous noise is decomposed into two independent signals in the 1−2 Hz and 2−4 Hz frequency bands, becoming sharpened around 1 Hz and 3 Hz respectively in lockdown. We propose a conceptual model according to which a dendritic system of fluid-permeated fractures plays as neighbour closed organ pipes, for which the fundamental mode provides the persistent whisper and the first higher mode is activated in concomitance with energy increases. By assuming reasonable values for the sound speed in low vapor–liquid mass fraction for a two-phase fluid and considering temperatures and pressures of the shallow aquifer fed by sea, meteoric and deep hydrothermal fluids, we estimate pipe lengths in the range 200–300 m. In this scheme, Ischia organ-like system can play both continuous whisper and transients, depending on the energy variations sourced by pressure fluctuations in the hydrothermal fluids.

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