New Evidence of the Brizziite, Sodium Antimonate from the Central Paratethys Sea Strata in Poland

Brizziite, a rare sodium antimonate (NaSb5+O3), and fluorcalcioroméite ((Ca,Na)2Sb5+2O6F), have been identified in two boreholes (Pasternik and Włosienica) which are situated 50 km apart. Both wells are located west of Krakow, Poland, and were drilled in the Miocene strata of the Paratethys Sea (a remnant of the Tethys Ocean). The Sb minerals are scattered in a solidified light blue silica gel within marls and layered clays. They occur most often as anhedral grains up to 20 μm in size. The presence of these phases was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy (RS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The brizziite from this study represents a secondary mineral after the alteration of roméite within a supergene zone, or crystallization from Sb-rich solutions derived by the leaching of the weathered primary roméite. Hence, the calcium and fluorine admixtures in their composition, determined by EPMA, indicate intergrowths of brizziite and roméite on the micro- to crypto-scale. The presence of the antimony in the study area is related to rejuvenated Old-Paleozoic polymetallic ore-mineralization occurring in the basement of the Krakow-Silesia Monocline. The phenomenon of the repeatability of brizziite in Pasternik and Włosienica, distant by several tens of kilometers, can be explained by the following three steps: (i) the penetration of the chloride ions from the drying up seawaters of the Paratethys Sea into the Miocene groundwater system, (ii) the mobilization of Sb5+ in the form of chloride complexes, and, finally, (iii) the transportation of the Sb-bearing solutions within the marly and clay sediments.

On genesis of massive sulfide polymetallic ore deposits of Rudny Altai

Many geologists assign most of large- and medium-sized massive sulfide polymetallic ore deposits of Eastern Kazakhstan to the VMS type. These ore deposits formed in the Devonian, under conditions of rifting and active basalt-andesite-rhyolite volcanism. Ore bodies of these deposits are noted to be clearly confined to formations of several geochronologic levels (D1e to D3fm). Hydrothermal-sedimentary syngenetic and hydrothermal-metasomatic ores are distinguished. High concentrations of base metals in the ores (above 10 % sum metals) and their rather simple mineral composition (chalcopyrite, pyrite, galena, and sphalerite) are a characteristic feature of all the massive sulfide polymetallic ore deposits of Rudny Altai. The ores are noted to be multicomponental, with elevated contents of the admixtures of precious metals and rare elements (Cd, Se, Bi, Te, Ta, W, etc.). Mineralogical investigations of the ores have demonstrated an intricate relationships of the major ore minerals (chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena) that exhibit several generations and different geochemical specialization. Minerals of Au, Ag, Te, Bi, and other elements are encountered as individual grains or microscopic inclusions and stringers in minerals of Cu, Pb, and Zn. A significant vertical range of the ore mineralization (more than 100 m), the complexity and long duration of the ore-forming processes, the clearly defined confinement of the ore mineralization to certain geochronologic levels, – all these allow us to suppose a possibility of discovery of new ore lodes or individual ore deposits within the already known ore fields of the Kazakhstan segment of Rudny Altai

Rudogorites simonei gen. nov. and sp. nov. from Central Bosnia (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae: Leptodirini)

Dinaric karst in Western Balkans is especially biodiverse in cave beetle fauna. Despite the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina being a relatively well-studied region, new species are still discovered and described regularly, even in recent times. Discoveries of new genera are, however, rare. Based on recently collected beetle specimens in the cave Lijina Pećina near the town of Kreševo in the region of Bosansko Rudogorje in Central Bosnia, a new troglobiotic leptodirine genus Rudogorites gen. nov. and a single new species R. simonei sp. nov. are described. The region of Bosansko Rudogorje consists mainly of non-carbonate rocks, sandstones and polymetallic ore. In the area, there is a patch of isolated karst where a new endemic subterranean fauna has been found. An updated key to the Leptodirini genera of the Apholeuonus phyletic group is provided.

Effects of Polymetallic Ore Occurrences on Mercury Accumulation by Aquatic Biota in River Ecosystems

The study represents the data on metal content in the body of stoneflies Perla pallida Guerin-Meneville, 1838 (Plecoptera, Perlidae) and in muscles of the fish family Cyprinidae from the small tributaries of the Belaya River (Republic of Adygea, Northwest Caucasus) with ore mineralization of various metals including mercury. It was found that mercury (Hg) concentrations in stoneflies are corresponds to from the water basins without local Hg sources. Mercury content in stoneflies depends on season and is more intensive in early ontogenesis in winter than in the warm season. Mercury concentration in 0.01–0.72 mg/kg dry weight can cause the pathomorphological changes in the structure of organs and decrease the adaptive potential in competitive population of stoneflies, in general. The Hg concentration reached 0.09–0.69 mg/kg in the studied fish species (bleak, gudgeons, and barbels) and was similar to concentrations in stonefly larvae. This can be related with low size-weight parameters of fishes in samples as wells as with similar feeding patterns of hydrobionts.

Characterization of polymetallic ore and flotation concentrate from the Mária Mine (Rožňava, Špis-Gemer Ore Mts., Eastern Slovakia)

The contribution deal with the study on composition of tetrahedrite-bearing siderite ore from Maria Mine nearby Rožnava and of tetrahedrite concentrate prepared from this ore by froth flotation. The Rožnava ors field consists of two main vein systems, namely Mária and Strieborná (Argenteous/Silvery) ones, respectively. The both vein systems are situated in the Early Paleozoic Gelnica Group of the Gemeric Superunit, in Bystrý Potok Formation (Upper Silurian) and in the Drnava Formation (Early Devonian). The filling of vein systems is formed mainly by siderite, quartz, tetrahedrite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, ankerite, albite, pyrrhotite, marcasite, less tourmaline, sericite, chlorite, apatite, magnetite, etc. The rock surroundings is represented by quartzy metapsammite, sericitic-quartzite and sericitic-graphitic phyllites (Jakubiak, 2008, Blišt’an, 2009, Varga, 2013, Mikus, 2018). Thus, metal ore as a feed to froth flotation and obtained concentrate were subjected to grain size analysis. The grain size fractions were assayed using GA, AAS, MS-ICP and CHNS. Mineral composition of samples was studied using XRD. So, polymetal ore contains 18.99 % SiO2, 37.01 % FeO, 1.84 % MnO, 7.36 % C, 2.36 % Cu, 1.70 % Sb, 0.15 % As, 2.32 % S, 770 ppm Ag and 216 ppm Hg. Tetrahedrite concentrate containing 25.59 % Cu, 19.68 % Sb, 1.19 % As, 20.08 % S, 0.57 % Ag, 1.20 % Hg, 1 % SiO2, 16.16 % FeO, 0.48 % MnO and 2.17 % C at a mass yield of 4 % was prepared. XRD study showed that siderite occurs as a dominant mineral in metal ore. Quartz, tetrahedrite and sericite are presented as accompanying minerals. Accessories are represented by chlorite, probably clinochlore. As to flotation concentrate, tetrahedrite is dominant mineral, which accompanied by siderite. Accessories can be represented by chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, sericite, pyrite, quartz and chlorite.

Gold metallogeny of the East Tannu-Ola ore region, Tyva Republic

The Elegest-Mezhegei, Aptara, and Shivilig forecasted gold ore clusters and the Kharalyg and Irbitei forecasted gold-silver-polymetallic ore clusters were distinguished within the East Tannu-Ola iron-copper-polymetallic-gold ore region, based on examination of historical and new geological, geochemical, and metallogenical data. Subsequently, the Urgailyg, Proezdnoe, and Chumurtuk forecasted gold ore fields were delineated within the Elegest-Mezhegei cluster; the Despen ore field was delineated within the Aptara ore cluster; and the Ovur-Ongesh ore field was outlined within the Shivilig cluster. In addition, the Ulug-Sailyg and Ak-Charinsk gold-molybdenum-copper ore fields were distinguished outside the ore clusters. The article summarizes the investigation history, geological-structural position, geological features, and geochemical specialization of the rocks of the East Tannu-Ola region. Descriptions of the ore clusters embrace peculiarities of their geological structure, ore mineralogy, and native gold, as well as parameters of the gold-sulfide-quartz, goldskarn, gold-containing polymetallic VMS, and porphyry molybdenum-copper mineralized zones. The conclusions highlight the metallogenic epochs and distribution regularities of the gold and gold-containing mineralization within the region studied.

Ore-Forming Fluid Evolution in the Giant Gejiu Sn–Cu Polymetallic Ore Field, SW China: Evidence From Fluid Inclusions

The giant Gejiu Sn–Cu polymetallic ore deposit is one of the largest Sn producers in the world, and is related in time and space to highly evolved S type granitic intrusion. The mineralization processes can be divided into four stages: (I) skarnization; (II) greisenization; (III) cassiterite–sulfid; and (IV) cassiterite–tourmaline–quartz. Five types of fluid inclusions were recognized using optical petrography, microthermometry, and Raman spectroscopy. The results of microthermometry revealed the evolution of the ore-forming fluid, from a high temperature with low–to–high salinity to a low temperature with low–to–intermediate salinity. Stage I, skarn Sn–Cu ores were formed by bimetasomatism between the granitic intrusion and the surrounding rock under near–critical conditions with the help of ore-forming fluid. Stage II, the fluid was separated into the coexisting liquid and vapor phases in equilibrium condition, and a large amount of cassiterite–scheelite–beryl–lithium muscovite minerals were formed during greisenization. Stage III, mixing, boiling and immiscibility of different types of fluid solutions took place with a decline in temperature and pressure as well as a change in the Eh–pH, which caused amounts of cassiterites and sulfides to precipitate. Stage IV, stockwork ores characterized by cassiterite–tourmaline–quartz minerals were formed associated with the low temperature and low salinity hydrothermal liqiud activity. The laser Raman spectra identified CH4 in all ore-forming stages, indicating that the ore deposits might have been formed in a relatively reduced environment. CO2 appeared in all stages in addition to Stage I, and might have been formed due to both immiscibility of fluid solutions with dropping pressure as well as temperature and mixing of different types of fluid solutions. In conclusion, the bimetasomatism, mixing, and immiscibility of fluid solutions should have been responsible for the formation of giant Sn–Cu polymetallic deposits.

Металлогения Конгинской зоны Омолонского террейна (Северо-Восток Азии)

The article presents new data on geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of porphyry-copper, gold-silver, and silver-polymetallic ore occurrences in the Kongin magmatic zone of the Omolon terrane and granitoids, associated with it. It has been demonstrated that petrology and the age of granitoids are similar to those in the OCVB Penzhina segment. Mineralization of the Kongin zone is very close to that of the OCVB, differing in relatively high Mo in porphyry-copper ores and prevalence of silver-polymetallic mineralization over gold-silver.