The Viking Eastern Baltic

The article analyzes the influence of the concepts of the Intermarium and the Baltic-Black Sea Arc on the formation of Ukraine’s foreign policy in 1990 – early 2000. The use of these concepts in American, European and Ukrainian geopolitical thought, which historically included the idea of opposing Russian influence in the region, contributed to the increase in tension and was aimed at further disintegration of the Western flank of the post-Soviet space. The article proves that the design of the Euro-Atlantic vector of Ukraine’s foreign policy was already active under the first two Ukrainian presidents – Leonid Kravchuk (1991–1994) and Leonid Kuchma (1994–2005). One of the concrete attempts to implement the idea of forming a common political, economic, transport and logistics space of the Black Sea-Caspian region with a promising expansion of the cooperation zone to the whole of Eastern Europe and the Eastern Baltic during the presidency of Leonid Kuchma was the foundation and launch of a new regional organization, Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, better known as GUAM (composed by the initial letters of names of member states – Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Moldova; when Uzbekistan was also a member of Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, the name of the organization was GUUAM), which is an alternative to Eurasian projects with the participation of Russia.

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Environmental Effects on Recruitment and Implications for Biological Reference Points of Eastern Baltic Cod (Gadus morhua)

Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science ◽

10.2960/j.v41.m636 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 205-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

F W Köster ◽

M Vinther ◽

B R Mackenzie ◽

M Eero ◽

M Plikshs

Keyword(s):

Environmental Effects ◽

Gadus Morhua ◽

Reference Points ◽

Eastern Baltic ◽

Baltic Cod

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Method of Selection and Accounting of Fragments of Geosynthetic Materials and Its Testing at the Beaches of the South-Eastern Baltic

Materials of XXVII International Coastal Conference "Arctic shores: shore-up to sustainability" ◽

10.31519/conferencearticle_5cebbb8b627759.71607417 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Е Есюкова ◽

E Esyukova ◽

Б Чубаренко ◽

B Chubarenko ◽

И Чубаренко ◽

...

Keyword(s):

The South ◽

South Eastern ◽

Eastern Baltic

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Livonian Mercenary Warfare and Fiscal Responses to the Military Crisis of 1558–1561

Central European History ◽

10.1017/s0008938921000042 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 251-272

Author(s):

Joseph Sproule

Keyword(s):

Ad Hoc ◽

Regional Power ◽

Institutional Approach ◽

The Military ◽

Military Enterprise ◽

Eastern Baltic

AbstractIvan the Terrible's 1558 invasion of Livonia plunged the eastern Baltic into military crisis. The ensuing conflict has most often been examined in terms of competition between the burgeoning powers that, by 1561, had occupied and partitioned the territories of the Livonian Confederation. The present study instead explores the fiscal and military responses of the Livonians themselves. An institutional approach to the dissolution of Old Livonia is eschewed in favor of one that foregrounds shifting networks of regional power holders endeavoring to defend their interests against a messy backdrop of mercenary warfare, military enterprise, factional rivalry, personal ambition, ad hoc negotiation, and desperate expediency. The Livonian experience reveals much about the struggles of small European polities and regional elites faced with the escalating financial demands of warfare in an age of emerging states.

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Norway Spruce Seedlings from an Eastern Baltic Provenance Show Tolerance to Simulated Drought

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12010082 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 82

Author(s):

Roberts Matisons ◽

Oskars Krišāns ◽

Āris Jansons ◽

Toms Kondratovičs ◽

Didzis Elferts ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Deficit ◽

Norway Spruce ◽

Soil Type ◽

Photochemical Reactions ◽

Commercial Application ◽

Important Species ◽

Fluorescence Parameters ◽

Drought Sensitivity ◽

Irrigation Intensity ◽

Eastern Baltic

In Northern Europe, an increase in heterogeneity of summer precipitation regime will subject forests to water deficit and drought. This is particularly topical for Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.), which is a drought sensitive, yet economically important species. Nevertheless, local populations still might be highly plastic and tolerant, supporting their commercial application. Accordingly, the tolerance of Norway spruce seedlings from an Eastern Baltic provenance (western part of Latvia) to artificial drought according to soil type was assessed in a shelter experiment. To simulate drought, seedlings were subjected to reduced amounts (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of naturally occurring precipitation (irrigation intensity). Three soil types (oligotrophic mineral, mesotrophic mineral, and peat) were tested. Seedling height, chlorophyll a concentration, and fluorescence parameters were measured. Both growth and photochemical reactions were affected by the irrigation intensity, the effect of which experienced an interacted with soil type, implying complex controls of drought sensitivity. Seedlings were more sensitive to irrigation intensity on mesotrophic mineral soil, as suggested by growth and photosynthetic activity. However, the responses were nonlinear, as the highest performance (growth and fluorescence parameters) of seedlings occurred in response to intermediate drought. On peat soil, which had the highest water-bearing capacity, an inverse response to irrigation intensity was observed. In general, fluorescence parameters were more sensitive and showed more immediate reaction to soil water deficit than concentration of chlorophyll on mesotrophic mineral and peat soils, while the latter was a better indicator of seedling performance on oligotrophic soil. This indicated considerable plastic acclimation and hence tolerance of seedlings from the local Norway spruce population to drought, though drought sensitivity is age-dependent.

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Glacially redeposited pollen in tills of southern Ontario, Canada

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences ◽

10.1139/e89-143 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 26 (9) ◽

pp. 1667-1676 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Aleksis Dreimanis ◽

Elsbet Liivrand ◽

Anto Raukas

Keyword(s):

Analytical Data ◽

Transitional Period ◽

Baltic Region ◽

Pollen Assemblage ◽

Southern Ontario ◽

European Model ◽

Northern European ◽

Pollen Content ◽

Eastern Baltic ◽

Glacial Advance

According to published opinion based on analytical data, the secondary pollen of subglacial till in the eastern Baltic region of Europe reflect the pollen assemblages of the preceding interstadial or interglacial sediment, including abundant thermo-philous pollen. Tills and glaciolacustrine sediments from 10 sites in southern Ontario, including the Don Valley Brickyard section at Toronto, where polynologically investigated to compare the pollen content in glacigenic deposits of various ages. Only one site (upper Bradtville till) contained a secondary pollen assemblage with abundant deciduous pollen, like those found in a Yarmouthian interglacial deposit in Indiana. In all the others, pine (Pinus) pollen dominate. This phenomenon is explained by glacial incorporation of sediments enriched in overproduced Pinus pollen, which had accumulated during either (i) a lengthy cool transitional period between the warm phase of the Sangamonian Interglacial and the first major Early Wisconsinan glacial advance, (ii) the interstadial Middle Wisconsinan, or (iii) the cool nonglacial episode of Illinoian and pre-Illinoian time. Therefore, the northern European model for distinguishing tills of different ages by their secondary pollen assemblages is applicable to southern Ontario only in exceptional cases. Pollen in the glaciolacustrine Early Wisconsinan Sunnybrook Drift sediments resembles those of Sunnybrook till, but are more variable in their preservation and composition and contain more pre-Quaternary palynomorphs.

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